Tense and voice.doc

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1、九. 动词的时态和语态 动词时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。 从种类上看英语有16种时态,而其中常用的有11种,表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。 动词各时态名称如下:一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构(以write为例):一般进行完成完成进行现在write, writesam/is/are writinghave/has wri

2、ttenhave/has been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing各时态用法说明 一. 一般现在时 一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三

3、人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外,be和have有特殊的人称形式。如:1.一般动词:I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.We/You/They know it.2.动词be:以am, is, are三种形式出现。 I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student. We/You/They are students.3.动词have:以have, has形式出现。I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.It ha

4、s a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.4.在加词尾-s时要注意:1)一般情况加-s, 如:reads, says.2)以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如:teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如:try-tries,carry-carries.5.加s后的读音:1)在P t k f等清辅音后读s, 如:helps, asks.2)在sztd等音后读iz, 如:faces, rises, wis

5、hes, watches. 注意 hate - hates词尾读音为ts。动词一般现在时的形式:动词be除第一人称单数用am,第三人称单数用is外,其余一律用are.动词have除第三人称单数用has外,其余全用have。行为动词的一般现在时形式,除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成(其构成法和读音与名词复数同)外,其余一概用动词原形。助动词do和does:单数第三人称中用does,其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。注意 have作行为动词表示“有”时,美式英语和英式英语有所不同,试比较。I havent any sisters.(英) I dont have any s

6、isters.(美)-Have you any brothers? (英)-Yes, I have. / No, I havent.-Do you have any brothers? (美)-Yes, I do. / No, I dont.另外,英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have(has),其否定式常以havent got 代替have not, 以hasnt got 代替has not.一般现在时的基本用法:1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有:every day, once a week, often, usually, always,seldom,

7、 sometimes等。如:She is an English teacher. We always care for each other.He gets up at six every day.Tom does homework every evening.2)表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如:He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.3)表示客观事物或普遍真理。如:The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.Two plus two is four. He is a d

8、octor.4)一般现在时代替一般将来时:在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时,显得更确定)。如:When he comes back, well go shopping together.I will go to play if it is fine this a

9、fternoon.When you are talking with him, dont mention it.在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中,或主句为一般将来时,宾语从句为wh-从句,从句用一般现在时代替将来时。 Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。 Shell read whichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。 Ill make sure (that) the cars locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。某些表动向和起

10、始的动词如:begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等,当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。 I leave for Dalian next Sunday.The meeting begins in a minute. The next train leaves at 12:00.5)表示正在发生的动作。一般现在时,用在由here, there, in, out, dow

11、n, up等开头的倒装句中,一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。 Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说,特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘(主要用于小说或报道文字中,由过去时突然转为现在时,使剧情显得历历在目)。7)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词仍用原形。a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里,省略了should.I suggest that he take a book with him.b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。God save me

12、.上帝救救我。Mr. Li cried out with great surprise, “What! My son come here!李先生惊奇地喊道:“什么!我的儿子到这儿来了?!”8)在口语中,它间或可以表示一个已经发生的动作(这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位),能这样用的动作不多,如:say, tell, hear, read, forget, answer等:They say Jack is back. Is that true? I forget where he lives. Oh, you answer quite well. He tells me you

13、re going abroad. 9)引用书面材料时,say, teach, stress等常用一般现在时,如:Chairman Mao says: “Work is struggle.二、一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态,这个动作可以是一次,也可能是经常性的。如:I went to town yesterday.(一次)。When I was young, I took cold bath regularly.(经常)一般过去时里,动词be第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为were,动词have一律用had。行为动词一律用过去式,没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动

14、词的否定和疑问句。一般过去时的用法:1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如:Who pointed out the mistake?2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。He will never be what he used to be.3)在口语中want, hope, wish, wonder, think等动词的过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.I hope/hop

15、ed you can/could give us some help.4)在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设:If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.5)情态动词的过去式如:could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如:Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea?What should I do now?6)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再”,可以接状态动词或动作动词;后者不暗示现在的情况,只能接动作动词。如: He is no longer what he used to be. He used to walk

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