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1、难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:名词性从句, 包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长
2、。英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。1) 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2) 划出所有介词短语(位于 be 动词后的除外);3) 名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4) 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6) 分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001 年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor,
3、will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of pub
4、licity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三,句子的结构分析:(1) ) 主干结构是主语( Lord Irvine 含同位语 the Lord Chancellor) +将来时谓语( willintroduce)+宾语(a draft bill);(2) that 引导的定语从句修饰 draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making payment
5、s to witnesses illegal 是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses 做 making 的宾语,illegal 是宾补;第二个谓语是 will strictly control, the amount of publicity 是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before a trial begins 是孕含有一个时间状语从句(before a trial begins)的定语从句,修饰 publicity。请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下 70 个句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上可以解
6、决考研长难句问题。1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是 This will be particularly true。since 引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 the
7、 high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中,that 做主语,makes 做谓语,it 做形式宾语,不定式短语 to combine few farmers with high yields 则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine 是主干,few farmers 是宾语,with high yields 是状语), possible 做宾语补足语。this 指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch 译为“能源的匮乏”;infashion 译为“用方法、方式”。译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业
8、中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter, we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是 we must be sure。since 引导原因状语从句 the assessment of intelligence is a comparative m
9、atter。主句中又有 that 引导的宾语从句 that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词 with+which 引导的定语从句 with which we are comparing our subjects 修饰先行词 the scale。scale 在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时, 我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。3. In
10、 general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。and 连接两个并列分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个 when 引导的
11、时间状语从句分别说明 work most effectively 和 and(work)least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句whatpredicted。the tests 是主句的主语,work 为动词做谓语。qualities 在此处是可数名词,不译为“质量”,而译为“特征”。defined 不能直译为“被定义为”,而应译为主动语态“界定”。译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。4. For example, they do not compensate for gross s
12、ocial inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是 they do not compensate,and thus do not tell how。and 连接两个并列分句,第二个并列分句中由 how 引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句, 其中 had he grown up(=If he had grown up)是省略了连
13、词 if 的非真实条件句。主句主语的 they,在此代指上文提到的 tests; able 在句中作 might have been 的表语。underprivileged 在此不能译为“没有特权的”,而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。5. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either
14、with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中 that 引导宾语从句,从句中有 eitheror引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语,修饰动词 be treated,其中第一个 with 介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词 that 或 which
15、 的定语从句 humans extend to other humans,修饰 the consideration。it 代指上文的观点,即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语 at the outset 译为“从一开始”。动词 invites 应转译为“使”、“让” 或“促使”。动宾结构 extend consideration to 意为“给予关怀或关心”,consideration 不应译为“考虑”。译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。6. But even more import
16、ant,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是 it was the farthest that。但 It wasthat在本句中不是强调句型。it 是指上句中所提到的 150 亿年前形成的巨大云团(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that