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1、.Chapter one Introduction 一、定义1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human municati
2、on. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性创造性 Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递5.语言能力 petenc
3、e 抽象petence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 performance 具体Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. 语言运用是所掌握的规那么在语言交际中的具体表达。7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. A diachronic study of langua
4、ge is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue 抽象The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech munity. 10.言语 parole 具体The realization
5、of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for correct behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点1. Language is not an isolated phenomenon, its
6、a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure: Langue 和 parole 的区别美国语言学家N.Chomsky: in 1950 针对 Saussures langue&parole 提出 petence 和 Performance.曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir-language is a purely human and n
7、on-instinctive method of munication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall-language is the institution whereby humans municate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to
8、 be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. 美国语言学家 Charles Hockett: 提出了语言的识别特征 design features3. The word “language preceded by the zero-article, it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language 一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4. I
9、n order to discover the nature of the underlying language system, what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts. 5. Language is a plicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 6. First drew the attention of the
10、 linguists were the sounds used in languages. 最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1. What are major branches of linguistics What does each studyPhonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds
11、systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence struct
12、ure of a language. Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics-the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied ling
13、uistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2. Why do we say language is arbitrary Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact th
14、at different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, its only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of la
15、nguage is “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 3. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammarModern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date. 现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 Traditional grammar is prescr
16、iptive. It is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。4. is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe lang
