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1、Chapter 3 Morphology Teaching AimsTo enable students to master the knowledge of word structureTo make students understand the notion of Morpheme and types of itTo enable students to distinguish derivation from compound3.1 IntroductionWord is a unit of expression that native speakers may recognize by
2、 intuition, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3.2 Open class and close classn Open class words-content (lexical) words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, suc
3、h as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik (a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀” in Chinese.n Closed class words-grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. 3.3 Morphemes- the minimal units of meaningMorpheme i
4、s the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one
5、 morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.n 1-morpheme boy, desiren 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+blen 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ityn 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ityn 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+nessn 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 1) Free and bound morphemes
6、Free morpheme-is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme-is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, e
7、tc. 2) AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”, etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represent
8、ed by:map-maps s dog-dogs z watch-watches iz mouse-mice ai ox-oxen n tooth-teeth sheep-sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme. morphs (语子) are the realizations of morpheme in general.Allomorphs (词位变体) are the realizations of a particular morpheme.Morpheme ( 词素) mi
9、nimal units in the grammatical system of a language.3.4 Analyzing word structuresRootRoot is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.Affix: Prefix - morphemes tha
10、t occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc.Suffix - morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemesn Derivational morphemes- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words
11、, e.g. modern-modernize, length-lengthen, fool-foolish, etc. Derivational morphemes派生词素affix词缀 (suffix, infix, prefix) + root 后缀 中缀 前缀+词根n Inflectional morphemes- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they nev
12、er change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) number: tables apples cars b) person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/Johns Inflectional morphemes 曲折词素 8 types of inflectional morphemes in EnglishNoun+ -s, -s possessive所有格; plural复数Verb + -s,
13、 -ing, -ed, -en 3rd person present singular第三人称单数; present participle现在分词; past tense过去式, past participle过去分词- IA do not change the word class of the word they attach to (flower-flowers); DA might or might not (small-smallness, brother-brotherhood).- In English, IA are mostly suffixes; DA can both b
14、e prefix (suburban, depart, online) and suffix (slaver, teacher).- If both IA and DA occur together in a word in English, the IA always comes last. So that “weaknesses” is possible but “weakesness” or “weaksness” are not allowed.3.6 Morphological rules of word formationn The rules that govern the fo
15、rmation of words, e.g. the “un- + -” rule.unfair unthinkable unacceptablen Compounding is another way to form new words, e.g.landlady rainbow undertake3.7 DerivationDerivation is the way by which affixes are added to existing forms to create new words. Derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.nation+al- national; national+ize- nationalize; nationalize+ation- nationalizationIn contrast with inflections, derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged.3.8 CompoundsCompound refers to
