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1、环境英语证书考试（PEC）-环境经济学术语Abatement :Reduction in Emissions.Ability-to-Pay Principle :A principle of taxation in which taxes are based on the income or resource-ownership ability of people to pay the tax. The income tax is one of the most common taxes that seeks to abide by the ability-to-pay principle.
2、In theory, the income tax system is set up such that people with greater incomes pay more taxes. Proportional and progressive taxes follow this ability-to-pay principle, while regressive taxes, such as sales taxes and Social Security taxes, dont.The logic behind the ability-to-pay principle is that
3、taxes are collected by the government to finance public goods that provide benefits to all members of society. And because taxes are a diversion of resources from the household to the government sector, it makes sense to tax, or divert income away from, the people who actually have the income.Absolu
4、te Advantage :The ability of a producer to produce a higher absolute quantity of a good with the productive resource available.Abundance :A term that applies when individuals can obtain all the goods they want without cost. If a good is abundant, it is free.Accelerator :The causal relationship betwe
5、en changes in consumption and changes in investment.Acid Rain :The precipitation of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixing in the atmosphere of various industrial pollutants - primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides - with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor.Aquif
6、er :Underground source of waterAcquired Endowments :resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated populationAdaptive Expectations :expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the futureAdverse Selection :principle that says that those who
7、 most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at allWhen a negotiation between two people with asymmetric information restricts the quality of the good traded. This t
8、ypically happens because the person with more information can negotiate a favorable exchange. This is frequently referred to as the market for lemons.For example, lets say youre searching for a car, knowing that some are high-quality and others are low-quality. However, you dont know which category
9、a particular car is in. Suppose theres an equal chance of getting either a high-quality or low-quality car. If youre willing to pay $2,000 for a high quality car, but only $1,000 for the low quality car, how much would you offer for a given car of unknown quality?The expected value of the car is $1,
10、500. In other words, if you bought hundreds of cars, half worth $2,000 and half worth $1,000, the average value of the cars is $1,500 each. Not knowing the quality of a given car, the price you would offer is $1,500- the average or expected price. The chance of overpaying for a low-quality car is of
11、fset by the chance of underpaying for a high-quality car.Unlike you, each owner is better aware of the quality of his or her car-they have more information than you. Your $1,500 offer would be accepted by the seller of a low-quality car, but refused by the seller of the high-quality car. Due to the
12、lack of buyers information, high-quality cars would not be sold. The only cars exchanged would be low-quality cars (lemons). Asymmetric information tends to limit quality of products exchanged, adversely selecting the lower quality cars.Aggregate Demand Curve :a curve relating the total demand for t
13、he economys goods and services at each price level, given the level of wagesAggregate Expenditures Schedule :a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures-the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports-and the national income, at a fixed price levelAggre
14、gate Supply Curve :a curve relating the total supply of the economys goods and services at each price level, given the level of wages.Allocative Efficiency :Obtaining the most consumer satisfaction from available resources.Ambient Charge :A form of tax on non uniformly mixed pollutants. It is calcul
15、ated to be the same in terms of the emissions impact on ambient environmental quality at some receptor site. As a result, an ambient charge to a firm closer to the receptor site will normally be higherper litrethan that charged to firms further away.Antitrust Laws :Designed to promote open markets b
16、y limiting practices that reduce competition.Assets :any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells itWhat a person or business owns.Assistance In Kind :public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cashAsymme
