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1、英语句子结构英语句子成分结构详解一、英语语句基本结构分析：(一)主谓宾结构：1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy)，主格代词(如you)，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语
2、可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语，形成主谓结构，eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注(以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去，如：come, go 等)3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。eg：I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like s
3、wimming.I like to swim this afternoon.(二)主系表结构：1、主语：同主谓宾结构。2、谓语：联系动词(Link verb)：be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。(1)当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达转变为之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。eg
4、: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词eg: He looks well.他面色好。It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。I feel good.我感觉好。The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy(三)There be 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示(存在)有某事物试比较：There is
5、 a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，(如：something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。(一)形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。(二)数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两
6、支钢笔。(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。(四)介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。(五)名词作定语：The boy needs a ball
7、pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。(六)分词(短语)作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(七)定语从句：The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步
8、、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如：often)或程度(如：almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩(此时in the classroom为girl的定语)，也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩(
9、此时in the classroom为地点状语)，最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.(一)副词(短语)作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语
10、)(二)介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)(三)分词(短语)作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework,the boy needs
11、 a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)(四)不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)(五)名词作状语：Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)(六)状语从句：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining
12、hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring yo
13、u up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是一直到时，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是直到才, 在以前不, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the r
14、ain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unl
15、ess he is ill.(3)祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由
