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1、Citing References: A Guide to The Harvard System (Author Date Method)3 Citing References this is a quick guide for students with examples of:1. How to cite sources in the body of the essay/paper.2. How to compile a references section at the end of the essay/paperWhen writing in academic style, you w
2、ill need to refer in your text to all material written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references.Consistency and accuracy in citing sources are important to enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. Note: There are a number of o
3、ther systems used for referencing (in addition to several different interpretations of the Harvard System.) If an alternate method is chosen (or required) the same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a source* The Harvard System (Author Date Method)All statements, opinions, conclusio
4、ns etc. taken from another writers work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the authors surname and the year of publication. These publications are also listed in the reference
5、s at the end of the text.Originators/authorsThe person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form should be given. For anonymous works use Anon instead of a name. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopaedias, or if an i
6、tem is the co-operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title may be used instead of an originator or author.DatesIf an exact year or date is not known, an approximate date preceded by ca. may be supplied and given in square brackets. If no such
7、 approximation is possible, that should be stated, e.g. ca.1750 or no date.Citation in the textQuotations As a general rule, if the quote is less than 4 lines, it may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced, and quotation marks are not
8、 required. For citations from particular parts of the document, the page numbers should be given in parentheses after the year. Summaries or paraphrases Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece of writing.Diagrams, illustrations should be referenced as though t
9、hey were quotations if they have been taken from a published work. If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given after the year within the brackets.Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic documents except where pa
10、gination is absent. If an electronic document does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. 35 lines or approx. 12 screens.Examples of citation in the text1. If the aut
11、hors name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in parentheses:e.g. In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that we have to teach good practicese.g. As Harvey (1992, 21) said, “good practices must be taught” and so we2. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
12、 year are given in parentheses:e.g. A more recent study (Stevens 1998) has shown the way theory and practical work interact.e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens 1998).3. When an author has published more than one cited document in
13、the same year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year and within the parentheses:e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject4. If there are two authors the surnames of both should be given:e.g. Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that5. If there are more
14、 than two authors the surname of the first author only should be given, followed by et al.:e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most businesses (Wilson et al. 1997).(A full listing of names should appear in the end references.)6. If the work is anonymous then “Anon.” should be used:e.g.
15、 In a recent article (Anon. 1998) it was stated that7. If it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author, the name of the paper can be used in place of “Anon.”:e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail home delivery (The Times 1996).(You should use the same style in the end referen
16、ces.)8. If you refer to a source directly quoted in another source you cite both in the text: e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited in Jones 1994, 63) showed thatYou should list only the work you have read (i.e. Jones) in the list of references.9. If you refer to a contributor in a source (chapters in books, articles in journals,
