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1、统计学Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.1.统计变量集中趋势的测定：To measure the central tendency of statistical variables.Statistical indicators: arithmetic mean (distinguished from the geometric mean or harmonic mean), weighted average, mode, median2.统计
2、变量离散程度的判定： To measure the dispersion degree of the statistical variables . vriblStatistical indicators: range, average deviation(平均差), variance, standard deviationVariance: it is a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from each other. Standard deviation: It shows how much variation or
3、dispersion there is from the average.3.抽样分布：In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution of a given statistic based on a random sample.标准误差：Standard error -The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the statistic is referred to as the standard error of that quan
4、tity.4.参数估计：Parameter estimation is the process that uses the samples from a population to estimate the parameter of the population, such as the population mean, the population variance, etc.5.假设检验：Statistical hypothesis testing is making a hypothesis about the parameter or distribution of a populat
5、ion in advance, then using the sample information to determine whether the hypothesis is reasonable or not.显著性水平：The amount of evidence required to accept that an event is unlikely to have arisen by chance is known as the significance level or critical p-value.Null/Alternate hypothesis: 零假设 备择假设计量经济
6、学Econometrics i, knmetriks has been defined as the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic data and described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical empirikl content to economic relations.相关分析：Correlation analysisanalyze the relationship between two variablesus
7、ually using the correlation coefficient to describe the relationship:R=1 perfect correlationR=0 uncorrelatedR is between 0 and 1: partial correlation回归分析：Regression analysis: linear regression is an approach to modeling the relationship between a scalar variable y and one or more explanatory variabl
8、es denoted X.Simple regression: one explanatory variableMultiple regression: More than one explanatory variable 可决系数在数值上等于简单线性相关系数的平方Coefficient of determination is numerically equal to the square of a simple linear correlation coefficient.多重共线性multicollinearity ,mltikliniriti：Multicollinearity is a
9、 statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly correlated.Remedies： Ridge regression；Obtain more data, if possible; Drop one of the variables.异方差性Heteroscedasticity ,hetruskdstisti：if there are sub-populations that have different variabilit
10、ies than others.Remedies：Weighted least squares自相关Auto correlation：Auto correlation is the phenomenon that there exists correlativity among the random error terms. Remedies: The Generalized Difference Method西方经济学Macroeconomics：Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, str
11、ucture, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy.Measures of national income and output: to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and net nationa
12、l income (NNI)-The expenditure approach. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent. C = household consumption, I = gross private domestic investment, G = government consumption and gross investment, X = gross exports of goods and services, M = gros
13、s imports of goods and services-The income approach. It equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by people of the nation.National income = Compensation of employees + Net interest + Rental & royalty income + Profit of firms + Income from self-employment + NFIA (net fa
14、ctor income from abroad).The IS/LM model (Investment Saving/Liquidity preference Money supply) is a macroeconomic tool that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market.The IS curve is defined by the equation: where Y repr
15、esents income, C(Y T(Y) represents consumer spending as an increasing function of disposable income (income, Y, minus taxes, T(Y), which themselves depend positively on income), I(r) represents investment as a decreasing function of the real interest rate, G represents government spending, and NX(Y)
16、 represents net exports (exports minus imports) as a decreasing function of income (decreasing because imports are an increasing function of income). In this equation, the level of G (government spending) is presumed to be exogenous, meaning that it is taken as a given.The LM curve is defined by the equation: M / P = L(i,Y),where the
