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1、起重机械的效率和可靠性也在持续提高起重机械是指用于垂直升降或者垂直升降并水平移动重物的机电设备，其范围规定为额定起重量大于或者等于0.5t的升降机；额定起重量大于或者等于1t，且提升高度大于或者等于2m的起重机和承重形式固定的电动葫芦等。在企业里运用较为平凡的主要有电动葫芦、电动单梁起重机及通用桥式起重机。一般情况下生产型企业运用起重机械主要是在检修的时候辅助使用，且运行环境较恶劣，使用率不高，但是故障率较高，据统计，检修用起重机械每年平均的使用次数约为6次，但是发生故障为1.2次，从而影响检修进度、增加维修费用及成本，且对检修时的安全埋下了极大的隐患。因此，判断起重机械的故障原因并采取有效的
2、的措施预防其故障的发生就显得尤为重要。Lifting machinery is used for vertical lifting or vertical and horizontal moving heavy mechanical and electrical equipment, its scope for rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 0.5 t elevator; Rated lifting weight is greater than or equal to 1 t, and the hoisting height is
3、greater than or equal to 2 m of the crane and load bearing form the fixed electric hoist and so on. In the enterprise use relatively ordinary mainly include electric hoist, electric single-girder crane and bridge crane. Production-oriented enterprises generally use hoisting machinery is mainly used
4、in repair of auxiliary, and operating environment is relatively bad, utilization rate is not high, but the failure rate is higher, according to statistics, maintenance with hoisting machinery use about 6 times a year on average, but failure is 1.2 times, and thus affect the maintenance schedule, cos
5、ts, and increase the maintenance cost and the maintenance of buried a great safety hidden trouble. Therefore, judge of hoisting machinery failure reason and take effective measures to prevent the occurrence of failure is particularly important. 1.起重机械的详细分类1. The detailed classification of hoisting m
6、achinery 目前，国内已经正式使用的起重机设备种类多样，从不同的角度对其进行分类的结果是不一样的。详细划分起重机的类别有助于了解各类设备的故障问题，引导操作人员掌握相应的机械性能，提高机械故障的故障防范意识，实现安全故障率的降低。常用的分类方式是参照机械结构划分，包括:At present, the domestic has officially use lifting equipment are varied, from different angles on the classification results are not the same. Crane classificati
7、on helps to understand in detail all kinds of equipment failure problems, guide the operation staff to grasp the corresponding mechanical properties, mechanical failure fault protection awareness, implement safety reduce failure rate. Commonly used classification is based on the mechanical structure
8、, including: 1、桥式起重机。桥式起重机属于一种大空间结构的机械设备，其主要架设在企业的大生产车间中。常用的桥式起重机包括：门式起重机、装卸桥、冶金桥式起重机等。1, the bridge crane. Bridge crane belongs to a kind of large space structures of machinery and equipment, the main building in the enterprise production workshop. Commonly used bridge type crane include: gantry cr
9、ane, gantry crane, metallurgy, etc. 2、升降式起重机。升降式起重机即“施工升降机”，这种起重机的运行空间相对较小。升降机在运行期间均是按照原先的轨道升降运动，结构组合比较简单且运动形式也多数是垂直运动。2, hoist crane. Where construction lifter lifting crane, the crane operation space is relatively small. Elevator at run time all is according to the original track lifting movement,
10、 simple structure composition and movement form is mostly vertical motion. 3、臂架式起重机。臂架式起重机常会架设在运输汽车上，不仅达到了升降运动的要求，且方便了起重机的运输需要。主要设备有：汽车式起重机、轮胎式起重机、塔式起重机等。3, the arm crane. Arm crane often erect on transport cars, not only reached the requirements of the lifting movement, and convenient the transport
11、 needs of the crane. Major equipment has: auto crane, wheel crane, tower crane, etc. 4、小型起重机。小型起重机最大的特点在于机械结构简单，没有过于复杂的机械运行形式。通常小型起重机只能完成简单的“升降运动”，最具代表性的则是千斤顶、滑车、绞车等。4, small crane. Small crane is the biggest characteristic is the mechanical structure is simple, not too complicated form of mechanica
12、l operation. Usually small crane can only do simple lifting movement, the most representative is the jack, hoist, winch, etc. 2.起重机械使用过程中存在的不安全因素2. The lifting machinery unsafe factors that exist in the using process 近几年，国家对特种设备的安全很重视，先后制定了特种设备安全监察条例、起重机械安全监察规定等多项法规、标准，加强了对起重机械的监察管理工作，有效地控制了事故发生。但由于
13、种种原因，起重机械仍然存在许多不安全因素，起重机械存在的不安全因素主要有以下几点：In recent years, the state attaches great importance to the safety of the special equipment, has formulated the special equipment safety supervision regulations, lifting machinery safety supervision regulations and so on a number of laws, regulations, standar
14、ds, strengthen the supervision of the hoisting machinery management, effectively control the accident. But due to various reasons, there are still many unsafe factors hoisting machinery and hoisting machinery of unsafe factors mainly include the following: 2.1人为因素2.1 human factors 由人为因素引起的起重机械事故较多，主
15、要表现在：Of hoisting machinery caused by human factors is more, mainly displays in: （1）起重机械司机的失误。司机注意力不集中，司机的能力、意识不足，不熟悉所使用的起重机械，不按安全操作规程作业，易导致事故的发生。(1) hoisting machinery drivers mistake. Driver inattention, the drivers ability, lack of consciousness, not familiar with the use of lifting machinery, not
16、 according to the safety operation procedures, easily lead to accidents. （2）起重机械监管的失误。起重机械进行危险性较大作业时，不设专门监管人员旁站；监管人员责任心不强，疏于监护，造成起重机械与周围物体碰撞。(2) regulatory failures of hoisting machinery. Hoisting machinery, when risk bigger, do not set special regulator station; Regulators is not strong sense of responsibility, neglect, hoisting machinery and the surrounding obj
