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1、by小结1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。 He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。Dont judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。3.表示时间,意为“到时(为止”或“不迟于”。He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。By the t
2、ime he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至的程度”。the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空
3、中)旅行6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在旁边”。There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳: 一、by+地点名词。表方位,意为:“在旁边”。如:by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。 After supper she wou
4、ld sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海春)晚饭后,她常坐在火旁,有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。 注:有时可表:“从旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。 As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形)当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。 二、by+时间名词。意为:“到时(已发生某事),
5、此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于,在之前”。如:by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three oclock等。 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海春)到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。 The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。 三、by+名词
6、。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。 1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按计算,按买(卖)”。如:by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。 In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。 2、
7、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为:“按计算,按买(卖)”。如:by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。 3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“通过,由,乘”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/wat
8、er/air等。(on foot) It takes a long time to go there by train;its quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。 “I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?” 4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“靠,通过,由所致”。如:by skill/determinati
9、on/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。 Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气,找到了它。 I made a coat with my own hands.It was ma
10、de by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的,而不是机器织的。 5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,意为:“通过(某物、某地),取道”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。 The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。 6、by+动词ing.意为:“通过,靠,凭”。如:by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。 He gained his
11、 wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。 Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。 四、by+数量词。 1、表升降、增减的程度。如:by one-fifth/20 percent/3/two feet等。 With production up by 60%,the company
12、has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。 The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。 2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如:by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hairs breadth等。 Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain b
13、y an inch.(2002上海)幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。 The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。 五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。 The policem
14、an caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。 六、by的常见短语: by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/takeby surprise/learnby heart/what do you mean by /by my watch等。 b
15、y 的用法 作介词讲: 1. 在近处;在旁边 standing by the window 站在窗户旁边 a table by the bed 床边的桌子 2. 经;由;从 to enter by the door 由门进去 3. 经过旁 He walked by me. 他从我旁边走过。 4.不迟于 By tomorrow hell be here. 他明天就到这儿。 5.被;由 written by Shakespeare 莎士比亚写的 6.根据;按照 to play by the rules 按规则比赛 7.相差 His horse won by a nose. 他的马以一鼻之差取胜。 8.以方式 She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。 We went by air. 我们乘飞机走。 9.表示相(乘)除(以计算面积) a room 15 feet by 20 feet 一间长20英尺宽15英尺的房间 to divide X by Y 用Y除X 10.逐一;连续 The animals went in 2 by 2. 动物两个两个地走进去。 11.(指动物)由所生 作副词讲: 1.通过 Please let me by.