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1、by小结1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。 He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。Dont judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。3.表示时间,意为“到时(为止”或“不迟于”。He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。By the t
2、ime he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至的程度”。the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空
3、中)旅行6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在旁边”。There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳： 一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。 After supper she wou
4、ld sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。 注：有时可表:“从旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。 As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。 二、by+时间名词。意为：“到时（已发生某事），
5、此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于，在之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three oclock等。 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。 The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。 三、by+名词
6、。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。 1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按计算，按买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。 In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。 2、
7、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按计算，按买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。 3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“通过，由，乘”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/wat
8、er/air等。（on foot) It takes a long time to go there by train;its quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。 “I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？” 4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠，通过，由所致”。如：by skill/determinati
9、on/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。 Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读）虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。 I made a coat with my own hands.It was ma
10、de by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。 5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。 The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。 6、by+动词ing.意为：“通过，靠，凭”。如：by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。 He gained his
11、 wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。 Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。 四、by+数量词。 1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/3/two feet等。 With production up by 60%,the company
12、has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。 The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。 2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hairs breadth等。 Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain b
13、y an inch.(2002上海）幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。 The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。 五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。 The policem
14、an caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。 六、by的常见短语： by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/takeby surprise/learnby heart/what do you mean by /by my watch等。 b
15、y 的用法 作介词讲： 1. 在近处；在旁边 standing by the window 站在窗户旁边 a table by the bed 床边的桌子 2. 经；由；从 to enter by the door 由门进去 3. 经过旁 He walked by me. 他从我旁边走过。 4.不迟于 By tomorrow hell be here. 他明天就到这儿。 5.被；由 written by Shakespeare 莎士比亚写的 6.根据；按照 to play by the rules 按规则比赛 7.相差 His horse won by a nose. 他的马以一鼻之差取胜。 8.以方式 She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。 We went by air. 我们乘飞机走。 9.表示相（乘）除（以计算面积） a room 15 feet by 20 feet 一间长20英尺宽15英尺的房间 to divide X by Y 用Y除X 10.逐一；连续 The animals went in 2 by 2. 动物两个两个地走进去。 11.（指动物）由所生 作副词讲： 1.通过 Please let me by.
