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1、Terza rima意大利三行诗节押韵法Terza rima is a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri.The literal translation of terza rima from Italian is third rhyme. Terza rima is a three-line stanza using chain rhyme in the
2、pattern A-B-A, B-C-B, C-D-C, D-E-D. There is no limit to the number of lines, but poems or sections of poems written in terza rima end with either a single line or couplet repeating the rhyme of the middle line of the final tercet. The two possible endings for the example above are d-e-d, e or d-e-d
3、, e-e. There is no set rhythm for terza rima, but in English, iambic pentameter is generally preferred.History：The first known use of terza rima is in Dantes Divina Commedia. In creating the form, Dante may have been influenced by the sirventes, a lyric form used by the Provencal troubadours. The th
4、ree-line pattern may have been intended to suggest the Holy Trinity. Inspired by Dante, other Italian poets, including Petrarch and Boccaccio, began using the form.The first English poet to write in terza rima was Geoffrey Chaucer, who used it for his Complaint to His Lady. Although a difficult form
5、 to use in English because of the relative paucity of rhyme words available in a language which has, in comparison with Italian, a more complex phonology, terza rima has been used by Wyatt, Milton, Byron (in his Prophecy of Dante) and Shelley (in his Ode to the West Wind and The Triumph of Life). Th
6、omas Hardy also used the form of meter in Friends Beyond to interlink the characters and continue the flow of the poem. A number of 20th-century poets also employed the form. These include Archibald MacLeish, W. H. Auden, Andrew Cannon, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Derek Walcott, Clark Asht
7、on Smith, James Merrill, Robert Frost, Elizabeth Jennings, Richard Wilbur and Philip Larkin. Edward Lowburys adaptation of the form to six syllabled lines has been namedpiccola terza rima.田Not surprisingly, the form has also been used in translations of the Divina Commedia. Perhaps the most notable
8、examples are Robert Pinskys version of the Inferno, Laurence Binyons version of the entire Divina Commedia, Dorothy L. Sayerss and the recent version by Peter Dale.Examples：Acquainted with the Night by Robert FrostI have been one acquainted with the night. (a)I have walked out in rainand back in rai
9、n. (b)I have outwalked the furthest city light. (a)I have looked down the saddest city lane. (b)I have passed by the watchman on his beat (c) And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain. (b)I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet (c)When far away an interrupted cry (d)Came over houses from an
10、other street, (c)But not to call me back or say good-bye; (d)And further still at an unearthly height (a) One luminary clock against the sky (d)Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right. (a)I have been one acquainted with the night. (a)The opening lines of the Divina Commedia:Nel mezzo del cam
11、min di nostra vita (a) mi ritrovai per una selva oscura (b) che la diritta via era smarrita. (a)Ahi quanto a dir qual era e cosa dura (b) esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte (c) che nel pensier rinova la paura! (b) Tante amara che poco e piu morte; (c) ma per trattar del ben chi vi trovai, (d) diro
12、 de laltre cose chi vho scorte. (c)Io non so ben ridir comi vintrai, (d) tantera pien di sonno a quel punto (e) che la verace via abbandonai. (d)Two tercets from Chaucers Complaint to his Lady:Hir name is Bountee set in womanhedeSadness in youthe and Beautee prydeleesAnd Plesaunce under governaunce
13、and drede; Hir surname is eek Faire RewtheleesThe Wyse, yknit unto Good Aventure, That, for I love hir, she sleeth me giltelees.A section from Shelleys Ode to the West Wind with a couplet ending:O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumns being,Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven
14、, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,Who chariotest to their dark wintery bedThe winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer cl
15、arion oer the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill:Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!The first three stanzas of Thomas Hardys Friends Beyond:William Dewy, Tranter Reuben, Farme
16、r Ledlow late at plough,Roberfs kin, and Johns, and Neds,And the Squire, and Lady Susan, lie in Mellstock churchyard now! “Gone,” I call them, gone for good, that group of local hearts and heads;Yet at mothy curfew-tide,And at midnight when the noon-heat breathes it back from walls and leads,Theyve a way of whispering to mefellow-wight who yet abideIn the muted
