《1-1 时态和语态理论.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《1-1 时态和语态理论.doc（15页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、第一讲 时态和语态句子种类与句子成分导读 句子种类与句子成分是语法学习的基础，虽然通常各类语言测试没有专门辨析句子种类和句子成分的项目，但对于任何一种语言学习来说，句子种类与句子成分渗透在整个语法学习过程中。本章就句子种类和句子成分进行简明扼要的分类阐述，旨在为以后的语法学习打下坚实的基础。一、知识点拨问题一：句子可以分为哪些种类？1. 按照结构划分，句子种类可分为简单句、并列句和复杂句。 简单句（Simple Sentence）：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。如： You cannot make a crab walk straight. Japanese pe
2、ople are experiencing and suffering from phantom quakes as well as other symptoms of “earthquake sickness.” 并列句（Compound Sentence）：由and，but，so，or，for等并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句，构成并列句。如： Take care of your field, and your field will take care of you. China has been slow to adopt auto recall procedures simil
3、ar to those in the West, but new regulations are in the works. A fifth-grader in YuShu wants to become an architect and designer, so she can build fine houses in her hometown. Some people pay too much attention to making money, for they believe money makes the mare go. Dont make yourself a mouse, or
4、 the cat will eat you. 复合句（Complex Sentence）：一个主句和一个（或多个）由从属连词引导的从句，构成复合句。根据从句在主句中所起的作用，从句可以分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句（包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）。 What is done by night appears by day. (主语从句) Duty is what one expects from others. (表语从句) A straw shows which way the wind blows. (宾语从句) To be angry with a weak man
5、is a proof that you are not very strong yourself. (同位语从句) One must drink as one brews. (状语从句) The landscape belongs to the man who looks at it. (定语从句) 并列复合句（Compound Complex Sentence）：并列句中又内含从句的句子。如：It started with an earthquake that led to a tsunami that caused one of the worst nuclear power disast
6、ers in history.2. 按照功能划分，句子种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 陈述句（Declarative Sentence或Statement）：用来陈述事实。如： All men are poets at heart. Might is right. 疑问句（Interrogative Sentence或Question）：用来提出问题。如： Is might right? Yes, it is. 一般疑问句（General Question或Yes-No Question） What is right? Might is right. 特殊疑问句（Special Q
7、uestion或Wh- Question） Is might right or wrong?Might is right.（选择疑问句）. Might isnt right, is it?Yes, it is. 反意疑问句或附加疑问句（Tag Question） 祈使句（Imperative Sentence或Command）：用来发出命令或请求。如： Have an aim in life, or your energies will all be wasted. Dont part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still
8、exist, but you have ceased to live. 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence或Exclamation）：用来表示惊叹或感叹。如： What a fine day it is today! How fine it is today!问题二：句子成分有哪些？组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。1. 主语（Subject）：表示句子主要说明的人或事物，通常由名词（名词短语或名词性从句）、代词、动名词、不定式和数词等担任。如： A bad workman always blames his tools. I
9、t rains cats and dogs. Two in distress makes sorrow less. . Keeping is harder than winning. . The poor are rich when they are satisfied. . To know how to wait is the great secret of success. . What makes life dreary is the want of motive. 2. 谓语（Predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词词组担任。如：. A plant may pro
10、duce new flowers; man is young but once. . Who makes everything right must rise early. . The fame of great men ought to be judged always by the means they used to acquire it. 3. 表语（Predicative）：位于连系动词be等之后，说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态。通常由名词、代词、形容词等充当。如：. Thought is the seed of action. . Telling your troubles is
11、swelling your troubles. . The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. . Happiness is not something you experience; it is something you remember. . A disease known is half cured. . True friendship is like sound health；the value of it is seldom known until i
12、t is lost. . A change of work is as good as a rest. . All men cannot be first. . When the cat is away, the mice will play. Mountains look beautiful from a distance. 4. 宾语（Object）：跟在及物动词之后，表示动作行为的对象（动宾）；或跟在介词之后，表示介词所联系的对象（介宾）。通常由名词、代词、数词等担任。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 直接宾语（Direct Obj
13、ect或Od）：可单独接在动词后面，往往指物。如：. Money can buy the devil himself. Love me, love my dog. 间接宾语（Indirect Object或Oi）：通常不能单独接在动词后面，而须与直接宾语一起使用，往往指人。如：. Poverty shows us what we are. . Our best friends are those who tell us our faults and help us to mend them. 5. 定语（Attribute）：修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、分词、动词不定式、介词短语等来充当。如
14、：. Your fathers honor to us but a second-hand honor. . A ready way to lose friends is to lend him money. . A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion. . A burnt child dreads the fire. . A friend without faults will never be found. 6. 状语（Adverbial）：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等，通常由副词、分词、介词短语等担任。如： Adversity succ
15、essfully overcome is the highest glory. . Diseases come on horseback, but go away on foot. . Eat to please yourself, but dress to please others. . Man alone is born crying, lives complaining, and dies disappointed. 7. 补语（或补足语）（Complement）：说明主语或宾语，故可分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，通常由形容词，名词、分词、动词不定式等充当。 主语补语（简称主补）（Subject Complement或Cs）：补充说明主语特征。表语就是位于连系动词之后的主语补语。The actress is thirty-five years old, but she appears a lot younger. 宾语补语（简称宾补）（Object Complement或Co）：位于宾
