比较过去时与现在完成时.doc

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1、比较过去时与现在完成时 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately 现在完成时的时间状语for, sinc

2、e, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。) I have seen this fil

3、m. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。) Who hasnt handed in his paper? (强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。) She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可

4、持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a le

5、tter to his parents last night. (1)强调动作是从过去持续到现在,并有可能继续持续下去。 (2) 强调对现在的影响或结果,此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是:一般过去时有动作发生的时间点,即过去某一时间发生某一动作;现在完成时则没有,即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作,而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。 (3)在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作,但是结果对现在有影响。 但过去分词一定要选择准确。 时间状语:recently,lately,since.for.,in the past few years。etc.1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过

6、去的时间状语) 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 如already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found

7、 the missing child yet 3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4. 现在完成

8、时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The fr

9、iendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的完成用法 现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如:H

10、e has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year.,today等)连用。 例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 7.现在完成时的未完成用法 现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,

11、一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。 例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。 例如:I have heard nothing from him up to

12、now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 9. 现在完成时常和短语 up to now /till now,so far (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.) Up to/till now hes read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 Ive been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 10 has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别 gone:去了没回 been to :去过 been in:呆了很久 10.不能与when连用 11.不可以与一般过去时的定义混淆

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