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1、哈佛公开课：公正该如何是好笔记Professor： Michael sandelClass 1: the moral side of murderFirst question： What is the right thing to do? Kill one instead of five?Backgrounds： Suppose that you are a trolley（电车） driver, your breaks dont work, you still could control the steering wheel， and there are two tracks in fron
2、t of you One opinion: go straightSecond one： turn around to the track where only one people standingPrinciple： better to save five lives even if it means to sacrificing one第一种观点：转弯牺牲一个人的做法和极权主义和种族主义(genocide and totalitarianism)的出发点一致 第二种观点：你不能做出杀死五个人而放弃牺牲一个人就能救五人性命的选择。（多数选择）场景转换：你变成了一个onlooker（旁观者）
3、在桥上看着轨道，身边有一个胖子探出身子再看，你会把他推下桥从而救五个人的命吗？ 不会（多数选择）:推人是主观行动而且是你可控制的行为，而电车的情况你无法控制Moral principle： 1 what you should do depends on the consequences that will result from your actions. (consequentialist moral reasoning 结果主义道德伦理 locates morality in the consequence of an act) related to utilitarianism（功利主义
4、）2 categorical moral reasoning 绝对主义道德伦理 locates morality in certain duties and rightsPhilosophy estranges us from the familiar by inviting and provoking us a new way of seeing哲学使得熟悉的事物变得陌生通过引进和启发我们一个看待事物的新方式Once the familiar turns strange is never quite same againImmanuel kant skepticism is a restin
5、g place for human reasonOne of the most important and influential versions of consequentialist moral theory： philosophy of utilitarianism, Jeremy bentham，english philosopher first gave this conceptUtilitarianism : Jeremy bentham idea is maximize the utility(效益最大化)，utility： Pleasure over pain, the sl
6、ogan of it “the greatest good for the greatest number 故事：19世纪的英国法律案件，在所在帆船被风浪击毁，超过二十天在救生艇上飘荡的四名英国船员，三人因为生存的需要杀了他们奄奄一息的同伴并以他的血和肉生存下来并且最终得救，回到英国三人面临抹杀罪名的审判，他们的行为在道德上能否被接受？It still unaccepted to killing one for survival (vast majority)： you dont own this power to decide others fatesClass two: putting a
7、 price tag on lifeUtility logic :cost-benefit analysis(成本收益分析）,placing a value to stand for utility on cost and benefits of various proposalsA cost-benefit analysis of smoking on Czech by Philip morris studycostsbenefitsIncreased in health care costsTax revenue from cigarette salesHealth care saving
8、s（early death)Pension savingsSavings on housing costsConclusion： Czech government net gain 147 million dollar if citizens smokeSavings from premature deaths $1227 per person Repairing the ford pinto（斑马)（a flawed car produced by ford who have already known this problem)CostsBenefits11 per part12.5 mi
9、llion cars=$137 million for improving safety180 deaths$200.000+180 injuries*67。000+2000 vehicles700$49。5 millionObjections to utilitarianism:1 fails to respect individual/minority rights2 not possible to aggregate(合计） all values into using a single measure like $-isnt there is a distinction between
10、higher and lower pleasureBentham says :“pushpin（图钉游戏) is as good as poetry”，which shows he just address the duration and intensity of pleasureWho to say their pleasures are higher、wealthier and nobler than othersAny want or satisfaction which exists exists in some account and therefore measurable A
11、latterday(近代） utilitarian John Stuart mill try to humanize utilitarianism accommodate humanitarian concerns(纳入人道关怀）The only test for distinguish higher and lower pleasure is whether someone who has experienced both would prefer it.“It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than be a pig satisfie
12、d 。” said by mill， because we would prefer higher pleasure that we know it can engages our higher human faculties（系，才能）,and for receiving the higher pleasure need education、cultivation(培养)、appreciation.Bentham(who died in 1832) provided his body be preserved in embalmed and displayed in university o
13、f London where he still wore his actual clothes with waxed head in a glass case。 He fulfills his concept of philosophy to maximize a body of a dead people。Class three： free to chooseQuestion one： are there theories of the good life that can provide independent moral standards for the worthy of pleas
14、ure, if so, what do they look like?Strong theories of rights say that individuals matter not just as instruments to be used for a lager social purpose or for the sake of the utility, individuals are separate beings with separate lives worthy of respect. And it is a mistake according to the strong th
15、eories that think about justice or law just by adding up preferences and values, which we talk about now is libertarianism （自由意志论)，it think the fundamental individual right is the right to be liberty。 Provided we respect others” have the same right to choose freely and live our lives as please.The Libertarianism views of government1 no paternalist legislation （家长式立法)2 no moral legislation3 no redistribution (再分配) of income from rich to poor。Nozick : what makes income distribution just？1 justice in acquisition (initial holdings）2 justice in transfer (free marketNozick”s argument
