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1、一语气的定义和种类。1 语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类 a. 陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如: There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗? How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊! b. 祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如: Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 Dont
2、 forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。c. 虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。对比:If I am a bird, I can fly in the sky. 二虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。 条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如: If time permits, well go fishing together.
3、如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。 如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如: If time permitted, we would go fishing together.(隐含的事实是:时间不允许,我们不会一起去钓鱼)。三例句与练习:1表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。 If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你) If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间,她就会帮我。(事
4、实上她没有时间)练习:1, If the color of your dress _ red, you _ look more cheerful.2, If I _(have to) say something good about your work, I _ say “well done”.3, If you _ (have) a lot of money, what _ you buy?4,如果我是你的话,我就接受他的邀请。 5,如果我在非洲的话,我就要去看野生动物。 6,如果可以的话,我就要那个大的。If it were possible, I would get the bigger
5、 one.2 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。) If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt(couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)练习:1, If it _(rain) yesterd
6、ay, the crops _(save).2,If you _(arrive) five minutes earlier, you _(see) the famous film star.3,If you _(follow) my advice, you _ (not miss) the chance.4,如果我早一点出发的话,我就会看到Mary了。If I had set off a little earlier, I would have seen Mary.5,如果你仔细一点的话,你在考试中就会多得10分。If you had been more careful, you could
7、have had 10 more points.6,如果我打扫了房间的话,妈妈就不会发火了。If I had cleaned the room, mum wouldnt have been angry. 3 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。 -What would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -It would burn. -我若把只放在火上会怎么样? -纸会烧着。If you were to
8、 go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.练习:1,If he _(come) tomorrow, what _(do) I ?2,If Mr Wang _(refuse) my suggestion, I _(make) another one.3,If you _(succeed) ,everything _(be) all right.4, 如果你明天离开,你会后悔终生的。5,如果他来的话,他会带着他的小提琴的。6,明天万一下雨,我们就开个会。 三虚拟语气的其它用法
9、。 1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如: It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要
10、马上把他送医院。 2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。 (1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。 a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。) b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 ha
11、d+过去分词。如: I wish (that) I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。) He wishes (wished) he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。) c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop rai
12、ning.但愿雨能停止。 I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。(2)在suggest(建议), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如: I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。 The undergraduate insisted that he (sho
13、uld) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。 注:当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较: His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to peopl
14、es health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。 当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如: My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令队是部立即开拔去前线。4特殊的虚拟语气结构。 (1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(bewere)或had+过去分词。如: The teacher tre