纳米材料导论 复习题.doc

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1、纳米材料 复习题关键词翻译:1、Nanomaterials (纳米材料) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)(扫描隧道显微镜) Zero (one, two, three)-dimension(零、一 、二、三维) Size Effect - Kubo theory(尺寸效应-库伯理论)(1) Quantum size effect (量子尺寸效应) (2) Small size effect(小尺寸效应)Surface effect(表面效应) Coulomb blockade and Quantum tunneling effect(库仑堵塞和量子隧穿效

2、应) Dielectric confinement effect(介电限域效应)2、Clusters( 团簇) Nanoparticle (纳米微粒) Supersaturated Vapor (过饱和蒸气) Heterogeneous nucleation (异相成核) Homogeneous nucleation (均相成核) Magic Numbers (幻(魔)数)3、Primary particles (初始颗粒、一次颗粒)Secondary particles(二次颗粒)Precipitation(沉淀)Agglomeration (团聚)Scanning electron mic

3、roscope (SEM) 扫描电镜Transmission electron microscope (TEM) (透射电镜)High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) (高分辨率透射电镜)4、Mechanical Attrition/ Mechanical Alloying (MA) (机械研磨、机械合金化)High-energy Ball Milling (高能球磨)Contamination (污染物)Comminution (破碎、粉碎)Intermetallic(金属间化合物)Oxide-dispersion st

4、rengthened superalloys (弥散氧化物强化合金) Nanocomposites(纳米化合物)Dislocation(位错)5、sol-gel 溶胶-凝胶alkoxide solution 醇盐溶液colloidal sols 胶体溶液microporous monoliths 多孔块体材料anisotropic / isotropic shrinkage 各向异性、各向同性收缩polymer pyrolysis 聚合物高温分解hydrolysis 水解6、A green body (素坯)Pressureless sintering(无压烧结)Inhomogeneous s

5、intering (非均一烧结)Densification(致密化)Porosity(多孔性)Pressure Assisted Sintering(压力辅助烧结)Sinter-forging(烧结锻压)7、Electronic effects (电子效应) Support effects (载体效应)Shape effects(形状效应)Zeolite ( Molecular sieve) (沸石 、分子筛) Catalyst (催化剂) Adsorbent(吸附剂)8、Yield Strength (屈服强度)Hall-Petch equation (霍尔佩奇方程)Diffusion cr

6、eep rate (扩散蠕变速率)Coble creep (扩散蠕变Coble 蠕变)Triple junctions (三叉晶界)Superplasticity (超塑性)9、Mass spectra 质谱 Fullerene 富勒烯Bucky ball 巴基球 Electric arc 电弧 High-performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色谱法Nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振 Allotrope 同素异形体Pentagon/hexagon 五边形、六边形 名词解释及问答:一、The definition of Nanom

7、aterials :Materials having a characteristic length scale less than about a hundred nanometers.(长度尺寸小于一百纳米的材料)Classification according to dimensions :(1)Three-dimension Nanomaterials (Zeolite)(2)Two-dimension film, superlattice (3) One-dimension nanowire, nanotube(4)Zero-dimension particle,clusterBas

8、ic theory of nanoparticles1. Size Effect - Kubo theory(尺寸效应-库伯理论):当纳米材料的组成尺寸(如晶粒的尺寸、第二相粒子的尺寸减少时,纳米材料的性质会发生变化,当组成尺寸小到某一临界尺寸相当时,材料的性能将发生明显的变化或突变。小尺寸效应:随着颗粒尺寸量变,在一定条件下,会引起颗粒性质突变,由于颗粒尺寸变小所引起的宏观物理性质的变化称为小尺寸效应。量子尺寸效应:电子能量被量子化,形成分立的电子态能级,电子在该系统中的运动受到约束。随金属微粒尺寸减少,金属费米能级附近的电子能级由准连续变成离散能级的现象,以及半导体微粒存在不连续的最高位占

9、据分子轨道和最低未被占据分子轨道的能隙变宽的效应。2. Surface effect(表面效应):纳米材料颗粒尺寸与表面原子数的关系。纳米微粒含有大量晶界,因而晶界上的原子占有相当高的比例,晶界原子结构不同于块体材料,使纳米微粒自由能增加,处于不稳定状态。3. Coulomb blockade (库仑堵塞):进入纳米量级,体系是电荷量子化的,即充电和放电过程是不连续的,充入一个电子所需能量为: 其中Ec为库仑堵塞能(前一个电子对后一个电子的库仑排斥能)。 导致对一个小体系充放电过程中电子不能集体传输,而是一个一个单电子传输,通常把小体系这种单电子输运行为称为库仑堵塞效应。Quantum tun

10、neling(量子隧穿):如果两个量子点通过一个结点连接起来,一个量子点上的单电子穿过能垒到达另一个量子点上的行为称为量子隧穿效应。4. Dielectric confinement effect(介电限域效应)纳米微粒分散在异质介质中,由于界面引起的体系介电增强的现象。二、1、How do you build something so small? “Top-down” and “Bottom-up”? “Top-down” building something by starting with a larger component and carving away material (li

11、ke a sculpture). In nanotechnology: patterning (using photolithography) and etching away material, as in building integrated circuits。 “Bottom-up” building something by assembling smaller components (like building a car engine). In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and molecules, as in chemical

12、 and biological systems。2、Basic concepts (Clusters(团簇)smaller nanoparticles containing fewer than 104 atoms or molecules.(包含少于104个原子或分子的小微粒。)Magic Numbers(幻数)the unusually high mass spectral abundances that occur for certain cluster sizes which represent special electronic or geometric configuration

13、s(具有异乎寻常的高质谱峰度的团簇原子数,一般代表着特殊的电子构象或几何模型。); Nanoparticle (纳米微粒):物质颗粒体积效应和表面效应两者之一显著变化或者两者都显著出现的颗粒。)3、How to achieve supersaturation vapor? (1) the physical cooling of a vapor by sonic or supersonic expansion techniques; (2) a gas phase chemical or photochemical reaction that can produce nonvolatile co

14、ndensable products; (3) directly by thermal evaporation, sputtering, or laser ablation. Educe the formula of surface to volume ratio of clusters Two important differences between the nanoparticles and the clustersFirst, nanoparticles are usually larger than the clusters. They range in size from 1 to

15、 100 nm. Secondly, in much larger quantities than the clustersReasons: high particle density; Out of the vacuum chamber。三、(1) The advantages and potential difficulties advantages :1). versatility in designing and synthesizing new materials2). the manipulation of matter at the molecular level : mixing at the molecular level;good chemical homogeneity can be achieved ;3). molecular synthetic chemistry can be tailor designed to prepare novel starting components 4). Better control of the particle size, shape, and size distribution can be achiev

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