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1、中考英语听力测试命题原则与方法黑龙江省绥棱县克音河中学 谷俊明摘要 本文阐述了中考英语听力测试命题的原则，并结合实例介绍命题的方法，以期对各省市中考命题起到指导作用。关键词 中考英语；命题；原则；方法听力理解能力应是英语教学的重要内容。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段，听力理解能力是提高口语表达能力的基础。卡尔韦弗（CarI Weaver）曾经说过：“听是交际活动的核心”。和读一样，听是感知技能，是对听觉器官接收到的信息的感知，这种感知叫做听觉感知。“听”在英语的“听、说、读、写”四技能中处于最基础的地位。“听”是输入，是人们学习、吸收语言的重要途径，没有输入就没有输出。从第二语言习得规律方面讲，
2、“说”是通过模仿而获得的言语行为，模仿的渠道就是“听”。听的技能就是通过听获取信息、处理信息，并完成相关任务。听力测试，即对听的技能的评价手段，主要检测考生理解口头英语的能力，对特定情景中的对话或独白的整体输入和理解。对于某些听力试题，考生无法直接从对话或独白中捕捉现成的答案，要求考生经过对所听到的信息进行处理后才能得到正确答案。一、设计听力测试题应遵循的几个原则1题型要根据测试目的来确定，主观题型与客观题型相结合。2原文最好是口语材料，要反映交际功能，涉及词汇应是口语涉及的高频词汇。3原文要适合考生的年龄特点和生活实际。4试题的设计要充分考虑卷面上的阅读负担问题，要突出听力理解的考查，尽量减
3、少阅读量。5要确保听力题必须通过听作答，通过读题可作答的题没有意义。6选项以3个为宜，力争简洁，这样有助于控制阅读量，也有助于降低命题的难度。7、不设置语法错误的选项，以免混淆考查重点。8、朗读速度以每分钟80100为宜。二、听力测试题型及命题办法第一类 听句子具体分以下四种（一）听句子选词语。题型一：听句子，选出你在句中听到的单词或短语【例1】原文：There is a dog under the table. 书面选项：A. on B. under C. over 【例2】原文：My brother is going abroad for further study next year.
4、. 书面选项：A. further study B. favorite story C. nice start 题型二：选出你所听到的句子【例】原文：Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday. 书面选项：A. Both Tom and Jim would go to Hawaii for a holiday. B. Both Tom and Jim wont go to Hawaii for a holiday. C. Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday. 这种题型
5、重复信息多，浪费试卷版面，其实与“题型一”测试目的相同，目前中考题中不再被使用。总之，这两个题型旨在考查在语境中听辨读音近似的词语的能力，其中语境为考生作答提供了修正机会。该题型有利于培养与训练学生的语音意识，兼顾对句意理解的考查，但这种题不具有交际意义。（二）听句子，从选项中选择意思相同或相近的一项【例】原文：I prefer pop music to classical music. 书面选项：A. I like classical music better. B. I like pop music better than classical music. C. Id like to li
6、sten to all kinds of music. 本题答案句在结构、词序上有了根本的变化，要求听懂一句的同时，需要读懂多句，与笔试题中“同义句转换”的命题素材相似。（三）听句子或句组选图画【例】原文：Bill likes ball games. Look! He is playing football with his classmates. 书面选项：图A 踢足球 图B 打篮球 图C 打排球另一种是，图画选项一同给出，可加两个干扰项，这样可以使试卷结构更加简约。听一句或多句描述选择图画。该题型的优点是，以图片呈现情景直截了当，考生没有阅读负担。要注意图片应绘制简洁清晰，不要起到视觉模糊
7、而影响学生理解。(四)听句子做应答【例1】原文：Would you like to go out with us to have a cup of coffee now?书面选项：A. Id love to, but Im not free now. B. Yes, please, and well have a good time. C. No, its not a good idea, for I like tea. 【例2】原文： Im sorry I have broken your cup. 书面选项：A. No problem. B. Never mind. C. My pleas
8、ure. 我这里所说的“应答”有两个含义：1. 对所听到的某个情景的陈述做出反应，例1“道歉和应答”“邀请和应答”；2. 对所听到的某一问题而做回答。本题型要求考生理解原文语句的语义及功能。命题时应按照课标中的功能意念项目表选材第二类 听对话（一）听短对话短对话可以是一问一答，也可以问题两三个轮次，但不要过长。针对每一段短对话设置一个问题，考查细节信息或考查考生理解谈话双方的身份、关系、态度、意图等。可以设置选择题，也可以设置非选择题。最好由男女声录音，问题由第三个人提出，同时录在磁带上。为降低难度，也可以将问题印制在试卷上。1、 听短对话选择正确答案2、听短对话回答问题3、听短对话及问题选择
9、正确答案4、听短对话及问题选择正确图画（如我省中考英语听力第一题）【例】原文：W: (Excuse me, sir.) Where is the nearest bookshop, please?M: Sorry, I dont know. (ErI think you can ask the policeman over there.)W: Thank you all the same. (添加括号中的语句更好些,在实际生活交谈时,经常使用零碎语, 如er,mm,hm, ah, well等)Q: Where does the woman want to go?书面选项：（选择式）(文字) A
10、. The book shop.B. The food shop.C. The bus shop. (图片) A. 书店 B. 食品商店 C. 公共汽车站 (非选择式） _. (The nearest bookshop) （二）听长对话长对话分为两人对话或多人对话，为方便录音，多采用两人对话。长对话自然是多个问答轮次。设置的问题一般包括谈话人之间的关系、事件、原因、结果、态度、情感、赞同、反对等，可以设置两个或多个题目。1、听对话选择正确答案（问题在试卷上） 2、听对话及问题选择正确答案（问题在录音中）【例】原文：W： Are you going to the cinema tonight?
11、I hear there is an American film.M： Id like to. I happen to be free this evening. Whats the film about？W： Its about “How black people were brought to America from Africa” I remember the name now. Its “Roots”.M： Oh！Its a world famous story written by William Hadley. Ive heard about it, but Ive never
12、read it.W： My mother has bought two tickets already. Lets go togetherM： Thank you, then when shall we meet？W： The film starts at six forty-five. I11 wait for you at No.3 bus stop at six oclock. Dont be late.M： OK. See you laterW： See you later.Questions:1. What wiIl the boy and the girl do this even
13、ing？2. When wiIl they meet at the bus stop？3. Who bought the tickets？ 书面选项:1. A. See a film. (比They will see a film.更简洁)B. Go for a walk. C. Read a book. 2. A. At 6:45.B: At 6:00. (原文信息词At six.用阿拉伯数字体现转换)C. At 6:30.3. A. The boy. B. The girl. C. The girls mother. 3、听对话连线（我省中考英语听力B）【例】原文: Ms Liu: Wha
14、t are you doing in Beijing, Tim?Tim: Im studying Chinese at Beijing University.Ms Liu: Thats a good university. Do you think its hard?Tim: A little. I have homework every day, and there are so many tests!Ms Liu: Well, keep studying, and youll get on well with your studies. .Tim: Im sure I will.Ms Li
15、u: By the way, are you parents with you here?Tim: No, Im alone here. What do you do for a living, Ms Liu?Ms Liu: I work in a bank.Tim: That sounds interesting.Ms Liu: Sometimes it is, but its also hard work. Were always very busy.Tim: I know how you feel. So, do you take long vacations?Ms Liu: Not really. The bank needs us to work all year. Of course, we can take vacations, but only for a few days or
