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1、 2022年大学英语四六级考试精读荟萃100篇(64)(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as h
2、ad been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated w
3、ith the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proo
4、f was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of th
5、e opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but
6、, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality f
7、or that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were
8、 concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through ac
9、tivation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of
10、relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.Vocabulary1. Up unt
11、il 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met withA. vexation. B. irritability. C. discouragement D. neutrality2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize theA. lack of differentiation among nerve imp
12、ulses in human beings.B. similarities in the views of the scientists.C. similarity of sensations of human beings.D. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 1619?A. Cognitive experienc
13、e manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.B. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.C. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.D. Differentiation in neural mod
14、alities influences the length of nerve transmissions.4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?A. Nerve cells. B. Nerve impulses.C. Cortical areas. C. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.Vocabulary1. mental experiences 精神感受2. discharge
15、释放3. negligible 微小的，可以忽视不计的4. manifold 多种多样的，多方面5. neuron 神经元/细胞6. neural (中枢)神经的(系统)7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的8. disprove 反对，反证9. homogeneous 相像的10. sensory nerve 感觉神经11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层13. locus 地点，区域14. psychoneural 精神神经15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的16. spatiotenporal 时空的难句译注1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of
