第一讲 宾语补足语一、 定义： 某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语 简单的来说：宾语补足语就是紧跟在宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明例如：I'm going to paint it pink. 句子中的it显然是宾语但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pinkpink 是句子中的宾语补足语它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语能够充当宾补的大致还有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后 比如： I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补） I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard（认为）, see, recognize（认出）,treat, take,consider（考虑）, look up, refer to（提到）, accept（接受）, acknowledge（承认）,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce（指责）, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express（表达） *注意：当感官动词和使役动词，如：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe(感官动词)；make, have, let, get(使役动词) 接宾补时，不定式的符号to必须省略。
在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带 二、句子结构是： 主+谓+宾+宾补 "主+谓+宾+宾补"结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语. 如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式如：Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.三、两种结构： 1.主表型： 1) make our country beautiful （形容词） 2) call him Lao Li （名词）3) find sb. out （副词） 4) find sb. at home （介词短语）2. 主谓型： 1) ask sb. to do sth.（有to不定式） 2) have sb. do sth.（无to不定式） 3) see sb. doing sth.（现在分词） 4) have sth. done.（过去分词）四、可有宾语补足语的动词： 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略 例如：We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实 2.在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等 例如：I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他 I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。
3.注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语 例如：I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把 I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把 He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里 五、可作宾语补足语的形式有： 不定式，现在分词，过去分词，名词，形容，副词，介词短语都能作补语 （一）副词作宾语补足例如：I found him in yesterday. （二）常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, make, find等 例如：We must keep our classroom clean. （三）常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, make, think等 例如：We call them mooncakes. （四）常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, find, keep等。
例如：In the country, we can hear birds singing. （五）常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, find, leave等例如：I left my pen on my desk at home. （六）不定式作宾语补足语 (1)常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等； (2)接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等 例如：I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We don't allow such things to happen again. Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. Please remind me to leave her this note. She requested him to go with her. （3）用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明： ①help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。
如：I often help my mother(to) do some housework. ②在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看 一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let, have, make 四观看：observe, see, watch, look at 这类动词有：make, let, have等转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式 （have没有被动语态） 例如：What would you have me do? Let him do whatever he wishes to do. Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. （4）不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型： ① 许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do…构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语；否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do…”。
例如：My boss told me to type out two letters.分析：句中“My boss”做主语，“told”作谓语，“me”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语请看下面的句子They forbade her to leave the country.Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，direct，encourage，expect，forbid，force，invite，order，permit，persuade，remind，re-quest，require，teach，tell，want，warn等② 有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语例如：I consider him to be the best candidate.分析：句中“I”做主语，“consider”作谓语，“him”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语请看下面的句子I know him to be a liar.I suppose him to be away from home.适用于“动词+宾语+to be…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：consider，declare，discover，feel，find，suppose等。
③ 有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语例如：He saw her enter the room.分析：句中“He”做主语，“saw”作谓语，“her”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语请看下面的句子She won't let me do it.I heard her lock the door.We watched the children play games.适用于“动词+宾语+do…”的结构，不定式作宾。