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1、Drive force control of a parallel-series hybrid systemAbstractSince each component of a hybrid system has its own limit of performance, the vehicle power depends on the weakest component. So it is necessary to design the balance of the components. The vehicle must be controlled to operate within the
2、 performance range of all the components. We designed the specifications of each component backward from the required drive force. In this paper we describe a control method for the motor torque to avoid damage to the battery, when the battery is at a low state of charge. Society of Automotive Engin
3、eers of Japan, Inc. and Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionIn recent years, vehicles with internal combustion engines have increasingly played an important role as a means of transportation, and are contributing much to the development of society. However, vehicle emissions con
4、tribute to air pollution and possibly even global warming, which require effective countermeasures. Various developments are being made to reduce these emissions, but no further large improvements can be expected from merely improving the current engines and transmissions. Thus, great expectations a
5、re being placed on the development of electric, hybrid and natural gas-driven vehicles. Judging from currently applicable technologies, and the currently installed infrastructure of gasoline stations, inspection and service facilities, the hybrid vehicle, driven by the combination of gasoline engine
6、 and electric motor, is considered to be one of the most realistic solutions. Generally speaking, hybrid systems are classified as series or parallel systems. At Toyota, we have developed the Toyota Hybrid System (hereinafter referred to as the THS) by combining the advantages of both systems. In th
7、is sense the THS could be classified as a parallel-series type of system. Since the THS constantly optimizes engine operation, emissions are cleaner and better fuel economy can be achieved. During braking, Kinetic energy is recovered by the motor, thereby reducing fuel consumption and subsequent CO2
8、 emissions. Emissions and fuel economy are greatly improved by using the THS for the power train system. However, the THS incorporates engine, motor, battery and other components, each of which has its own particular capability. In other words, the driving force must be generated within the limits o
9、f each respective component. In particular, since the battery output varies greatly depending on its level of charge, the driving force has to be controlled with this in mind.This report clarifies the performance required of the respective THS components based on the driving force necessary for a ve
10、hicle. The method of controlling the driving force, both when the battery has high and low charge, is also described.2. Toyota hybrid system (THS) 1,2As Fig. 1 shows, the THS is made up of a hybrid transmission, engine and battery.2.1. Hybrid transmissionThe transmission consists of motor, generator
11、, power split device and reduction gear. The power split device is a planetary gear. Sun gear, ring gear and planetary carrier are directly connected to generator, motor and engine, respectively. The ring gear is also connected to the reduction gear. Thus, engine power is split into the generator an
12、d the driving wheels. With this type of mechanism, the revolutions of each of the respective axes are related as follows. Here, the gear ratio between the sun gear and theFig. 1. Schematic of Toyota hybrid system (THS).ring gear is :where Ne is the engine speed, Ng the generator speed and Nm the mot
13、or speed. Torque transferred to the motor and the generator axes from the engine is obtained as follows: where Te is the engine torque.The drive shaft is connected to the ring gear via a reduction gear. Consequently, motor speed and vehicle speed are proportional. If the reduction gear ratio is, the
14、 axle torque is obtained as follows: where Tm is the motor torque.As shown above, the axle torque is proportional to the total torque of the engine and the motor on the motor axis. Accordingly, we will refer to motor axis torque instead of axle torque.2.2. EngineA gasoline engine having a displaceme
15、nt of 1.5 l specially designed for the THS is adopted 3. This engine has high expansion ratio cycle, variable valve timing system and other mechanisms in order to improve engine efficiency and realize cleaner emissions. In particular, a large reduction in friction is achieved by setting the maximum
16、speed at 4000 rpm (=Ne max).2.3. BatteryAs sealed nickel metal hydride battery is adopted. The advantages of this type of battery are high power density and long life. this battery achieves more than three times the power density of those developed for conventional electric vehicles 4.3. Required driving force and performanceThe THS offers excellent fuel economy and emissions reduction. But it must have the abili
