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1、An overview of mechanical designThe first step in the manufacture of any product is design. Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concern
2、s itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture ，marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers,
3、or design engineers. Mechanical design is a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. Here we tak
4、e the selection of materials as an example. During recent years the selection of engineering materials has assumed great importance. Moreover, the process should be one of continual reevaluation. New materials often become available and there may be a decreasing availability of others. Concerns rega
5、rding environment pollution, recycling and worker health and safety often impose new constraints. The desire for weight reduction or energy savings may dictate the use of different materials. Pressures from domestic and international competition, increased serviceability requirements, and customer f
6、eedback may all promote materials reevaluation. The extent of product liability actions, often the result of improper material use, has had a marked impact. In addition, the interdependence between material and their processing has become better recognized. The development of new processes often for
7、ces reevaluation of the material being processed. Therefore, it is imperative that design and manufacturing engineers exercise considerable care in selecting, specifying, and utilizing materials if they are to achieve satisfactory results at reasonable cost and still assure quality. In mechanics pro
8、cessing，milling and grinding are always under the consideration of the designers. With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlim
9、ited versatility of the milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product. Grinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and low surface roughness. Currently, there are grin
10、ders for almost every type of grinding operation. Particular design features of a part dictate to a large degree the type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For exampl
11、e, wherever possible the production economy of center less grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration. Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down form rough condition w
12、ithout being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Besides, the application of nontraditional manufacturing processes will bring more bold and innovative design. The conven
13、tional manufacturing processes in use today for material removal primarily rely on electric motors and hard tool materials to perform tasks such as sawing, drilling, and broaching. Conventional forming operations are performed with the energy from electric motors, hydraulics, and gravity. Likewise,
14、material joining is conventionally accomplished with thermal energy sources such as burning gases and electric arcs. In contrast, nontraditional manufacturing processes harness energy sources considered unconventional by yesterdays standards. Material removal can now be accomplished with electrochem
15、ical reactions, high-velocity jets of liquids and abrasives. Materials that in the past have been extremely difficult to form, are now formed with magnetic fields, explosives, and the shock waves from powerful electric sparks. Material-joining capabilities have been expanded with the use of high-fre
16、quency sound waves and beams of electrons. In the past 50 years, over 20 different nontraditional manufacturing processes have been invented and successfully implemented into production. The reason there are such a large number of nontraditional processes is the same reason there are such a large number of conventional processes ; each process has its own characteristic attributes and limitations, hence no one process is best for all manufacturing situations. In other cas
