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1、美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan wan
2、t to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wishto restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位来源：(http:/ - 美国文学史复习1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challe
3、nged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒： John
4、Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous i
5、n conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of P
6、uritan poets is Edward Tayor.学习指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a
7、 matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God,
8、all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety
9、 and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoning
10、andrevolution)(2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国-美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 1706-17901）Poor Richards Almanac 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚
11、语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established Americas first circulating li
12、brary, founded the college-University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。4）first applied the terms positive and negative to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in
13、 association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，
14、幽默，讽刺天才、7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因1737-1809 Great .mon of Mankind 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet .mon Sense 著名的政治小册子常识 it boldly advocated a Declaration for Independence, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）American Cr
15、isis 美国危机，signed .mon Sense (p31,第一段）The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；.mon Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that
16、 they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、Philip Freneau 菲利普费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post
