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1、2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of
2、 biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reaso
3、nable. We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new disc
4、overies. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, eve
5、n though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even the earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” of o
6、ur image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. O
7、ur image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping, is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomica
8、l universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our k
9、nowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.1. The word “paradox” (Para. 1) means（ ）.2. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because（ ）.3. The author believes that our knowledge of soci
10、al systems is more secure than that of physical systems because（ ）.4. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because（ ）.5. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because（ ）.问题1选项A.implicationtB.contradictiontC.inte
11、rpretationtD.confusiont问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencestB.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemstC.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correcttD.we are better able to investigate social p
12、henomena than physical phenomenat问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experiencetB.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencestC.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of datatD.the records of social systems are more reliablet问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the
13、 timetB.new information is constantly coming intC.the direction of their development is difficult to predicttD.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccuratet问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are variedtB.our knowledge of it is highly insecuretC.only a very small sample of it has been obs
14、ervedtD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段的paradox意思是”。Paradox本意是“似是而非的观点，悖论，反论”；根据题干定位到文章第一句It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences as s
15、omewhere in between.（我们认为物理科学是“硬科学”，社会科学是“软科学”，而生物科学则介于两者之间，这是一个奇怪的悖论）可知，这句话说的是一个观点，即科学的类别，而不是一个事物的正反两面，所以这不能称为“悖论”，四个选项中只有A项“暗示，含义”符合这一语境。B项“否认，反驳”、C项“解释”和D项“困惑”均不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点，我们应该颠倒自然科学的硬分类和社会科学的软分类，因为”。第一段第三句提到In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, ho
16、wever, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.（然而，就我们对相关领域的研究能力以及我们对这些领域的想象至少大致正确的可能性而言，有人怀疑颠倒顺序更合理），由此我们可知，之所以认为颠倒这三类学科的排序更具合理性是基于我们对相关领域的研究能力和认知大致正确性；C项“我们对社会制度的理解大致正确”中的社会制度属于“软科学”领域，故C项符合题意。A项“逆向排序将有助于促进物理科学的发展”和D项“我们能
