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1、弗兰克赫兹实验 实验报告一、 数据处理1. 汞管（1）实验数据如下： 0.51.11.72.33.13.54.04.24.40.0070.0070.0080.0090.0090.0100.0140.0190.0304.54.64.64.84.95.05.15.25.30.0330.0410.0490.0600.0690.0710.0720.0700.0565.45.56.06.57.07.58.18.59.00.0560.0320.0150.0120.0150.0320.0750.1280.2309.39.59.79.89.910.010.110.210.50.3250.3660.4130.4
2、110.4080.3900.3570.2990.10110.811.412.312.913.313.814.314.514.60.0280.0300.0670.1650.2840.4990.7490.8540.86514.714.915.115.616.116.617.117.518.20.8570.7930.7030.3470.1460.0710.0900.1730.38118.719.119.319.419.519.619.719.920.20.6730.8981.0271.0581.0761.0931.0821.0210.90920.521.121.522.022.423.023.523
3、.723.90.6700.3470.2190.1810.2240.4000.6900.7590.96324.124.224.424.524.624.724.824.925.01.0401.1291.1871.2321.2641.2491.2201.2161.20025.325.726.126.527.027.527.928.328.71.0620.8220.6380.4670.3840.3920.4810.6590.86629.029.229.329.529.629.729.930.030.11.0631.2011.2581.3061.3561.3721.4011.3841.37330.330
4、.91.2601.013将数据作图如下：（2）根据实验数据，找到各个峰值对应的电压，并列表如下：n1234565.19.714.619.624.629.9由最小二乘法得到第一激发电位V，相关系数r=0.99978，由书上（7.13）式计算得到，故最终结果表示为V2. 氩管（1）实验数据如下：（为了对进行控制，我调大了）5.57.211.813.014.015.015.515.916.40.00.00.33.212.032.441.443.154.416.616.817.017.417.718.018.318.619.053.353.653.255.859.060.861.661.459.119
5、.319.720.221.222.323.224.125.426.357.553.848.529.515.31.70.61.139.627.327.828.328.528.728.929.329.630.093.0122.2125.3126.3127.4130.2137.0140.4140.530.330.631.031.532.233.334.035.136.1134.3127.9113.389.557.611.5-6.5-22.2-21.537.038.039.039.640.040.440.941.441.73.372.3150.8183.9193.2199.5202.3209.6205
6、.142.042.342.843.444.345.346.347.548.3200.9189.9169.5130.375.715.1-22.4-37.3-22.248.749.550.151.251.651.852.352.653.07.373.1111.2218.8210.9217.6239.2249.5261.653.453.754.054.354.855.356.056.757.3263.7261.1257.7251.0233.3206.2167.1113.371.658.258.759.460.461.362.563.363.764.017.4-6.6-26.4-7.651.3157.
7、5207.6224.7243.864.665.065.465.665.866.166.466.867.0273.0286.4299.0301.4304.4307.5308.2304.3299.967.568.569.470.671.372.273.574.474.7283.0235.0183.097.655.445.893.1152.1173.375.275.676.176.476.777.177.477.878.1205.6229.6265.6285.0302.2322.3338.1352.1365.778.478.879.279.680.080.681.181.982.5370.4378.
8、5382.2381.3376.7363.1348.9310.4273.483.183.784.284.985.5239.1200.7178.2159.9159.0将数据作图如下：(2) 根据实验数据，找到各个峰值对应的电压，并列表如下：n12345618.330.041.453.466.479.2由最小二乘法得到第一激发电位V，相关系数r=0.99964，由书上（7.13）式计算得到，故最终结果表示为V二、 思考题利用汞管进行实验。在第一部分中已列出了 条件下的汞管的实验数据。现将改变后的另两组实验数据列表如下，后两组数据只测了第5、第6两个峰。（1） 23.523.924.324.424.5
9、24.624.724.824.90.3710.5300.5730.6060.6380.6450.6590.6570.64025.025.225.626.026.527.128.328.929.20.6570.6400.5150.3800.2700.1770.2230.4180.52429.329.429.529.629.729.829.930.030.10.5670.5950.6420.6660.6850.7110.7190.7200.71930.230.330.831.00.7180.7070.6060.571（2） 23.724.024.224.424.524.624.824.925.01
10、.3831.5991.7461.7891.7961.7981.7751.7141.67225.125.325.826.326.727.327.828.128.31.5601.4241.0280.7890.7090.8111.0391.1771.34828.729.029.229.429.529.629.729.829.91.6491.8542.0062.0532.0942.1172.1292.1242.11030.030.230.42.0521.9611.852将以上三种条件下的Hg管数据作图如下：当增大时，曲线高度下移，并且峰向右偏移。原因分析：当增大时，电子需要更高的能量才能到达p极板，故
11、此时能到达p极板的电子减少，则电路中电流减小，则曲线高度下移；曲线峰向右偏移的原因，我并不是十分清楚，我认为可能与电子的速率分布有关。当加速电压刚达到第一激发电位时，只有一部分电子可以达到足以发生“非弹性碰撞”的速率，而另一部分电子速率还要更低一些，有的电子速率还不足以使其越过g2p的减速电场，加速电压继续增大时会将这部分电子继续加速使其可以达到p极板使电流增大，而达到足以发生“非弹性碰撞”的速率的电子也会增加，使电流减小，两种因素共同作用决定曲线的峰值。当增大时，会使前一种作用的影响变得更大，而对后一种作用几乎没有影响，故峰会向右偏移。三、 分析与讨论1.各种曲线都具有周期性，而随着加速电压的增大，总的电流呈增大趋势，每个峰都比前一个峰更高，每个谷也比前一个更高。呈现这种现象的原因：随着加速电压的增大，电子动能增加，能到达p极板的电子数增加，电流增大；当达到一定的动能时，电子会与管中气体发生“非弹性碰撞”，使其发生激发，则电子损失动能，不再能到达p极板，电流减小；这便是曲线呈周期性的原因。至于电流随着加速电压增大成上升趋势
