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1、初三英语语法知识专题复习一、名 词一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类. 专有名词：用来表示某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。如Marx、Beijing、USA等，其中的实词第一个字母要大写。如the Great Wall等。二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。1、可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）:（1）单数（前加a或an表“一”）; (2)复数（词尾加“-s”或“-es”）。其规则如下：A.规则变化：（1、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的，加-es / iz /; 如boxes, glasses, watches, brushes等；（2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，
2、变y为i,加-es; 如families, babies, countries等；（3以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v,加-es; 如knives, wives, halves等；（4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的，加-es; 如potatoes, tomatoes等，但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如pianos, kilo(kilogram)kilos, photo(photograph)photos.而zerozeros/zeroes.(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/，如desks, maps等，浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如apples, holidays, boys。但houses/hau
3、ziz/, mouths/mau z/.B.不规则变化（child-children man-men woman-women policeman-policemen footfeet tooth-teeth mouse-mice）（复数名词: people police shoes public clothes）（1、 单数、复数形式相同的：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese等。国家人民语言AmericaAmericanEnglishEnglandEnglishmanEnglishFranceFrenchmanFrenchGermanyGermanGerm
4、anJapanJapaneseJapaneseChinaChineseChineseCanadaCanadianEnglish, French（2、 表示民族、国家的名词，除Chinese, Japanese的复数不变，Englishman, Frenchman的复数变-man为-men外，其余的均在词尾加-s.如Americans, Germans, Russians, Australians(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表). (3、复合名词复数的构成方法在中心词上加-s或-es, 如：pencil-boxes.在第二个组成部分上加-s或-es, 如：boy-friends, too
5、th-brushes等.含性别的复合词，两部分都变为复数，如：man-teachermen-teachers, woman-driverwomen-drivers.2、不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）：不能以数目来计算的名词。如water, meat, rice, air, food, time, work, bread等等。它们只有单数形式，不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。只能用“of词组”来表达。如“五块肉”five pieces of meat，“三袋小麦”three bags of wheat，“四则新闻”four pieces of news.3、可数名词和不可数名词的
6、转换：如：chicken, c“小鸡”，u“鸡肉”；fish, c“鱼”，u“鱼肉”，orange, c“橘子”，u“橙汁”，paper, c“试卷、论文”，u“纸张”，time, c“次数”，u“时间”等等。三、名词的所有格（含义“的”）1、基本构成方法： (1)以s结尾的名词，其所有格只加“”。如the students teacher the twins bedroom. 但以s结尾的单数名词，也可在词尾加“s”。如Rosss bag. (2)其他情况加“s”。如：Janes father，Womens Day2、其他规则：（1）并列名词的所有格：共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-s,
7、如：Kate and Joans room. 分别所有，则在每个名词词尾加-s,如Kates and Joans.（2）表示无生命的事物名词，一般用of表示所属关系。如:the map of China, the legs of the table.（3）双重所有格：用of结构与名词所有格-s结合构成双重所有格：a friend of my fathers, one book of his brothers.用of结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格：a pen of mine, a neighbour of his.（4）表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-s形式：an hours wal
8、k, yesterday news, Chinas population, twenty minutes walk.（5）可用-s表示店铺、某人家：the Greens, my uncles.典例 （ ） 1.This is _ news. A.such a good B.a very good C. such good（ ）2. _ knowledge of space develops very quickly. A.Peoples B.Mans C.Mens（ ）3. The number of people invited to the party _ fifty, but a num
9、ber of them _ absent for different reasons. A. was/were B. was /was C. were/were（ ）4. “Would you like _?” “_, please.” A. a drink/ A coffee B. drink/A cup of coffee C. a cup drink/A cup coffee（ ）5. Two thirds of the work _ done. A. are B. is C. have（ ）6.The rich _ not always happy. A. is B. have C.
10、are（ ）7. She is the only one of the _ writers who _ stories for children. A. woman/writes B. women/writes C. women/write（ ）8. I met him at _. A.Mr. Greens B.the Greens C.Greens（ ）9.Playing football is _. A.a great fun B.great funs C.great fun（ ）10.The sheep on the hill _ theirs. They are all white.
11、A.is B.was C.are提高训练 一、用所给名词的正确形式填空：1.My shirt is much cheaper than _.(John) 2.The girl in red is _ (Tom and Kate)3.The _ (Brown) are watching TV now. 4.Our school is about ten _ (minute) walk.5.March 8 is _ (woman day). 6.Who won the _ (boy) 400- _ (meter) race?7.This is _ (today) newspaper. 8.Ther
12、e are twenty-five _ (man) workers in my factory.9.I like _ (chicken) very much. Theyre lovely. So I never eat _ (chicken).10.Although he is a thirty- _ (year old) man, you can see few _ (hair) on the head.二、冠词一、冠词的种类：不定冠词a(an), 定冠词the。冠词不能单独使用，必须置于名词前。二、不定冠词的用法：一般用于单数名词前，表泛指。其中a用于读音以辅音开头的词前，an用于读音以元
13、音开头的词前。如: a basketball, a university, an hour, an apple.1、表示第一次提到的人或物。如：(1)I bought a new book. (2)He met an old woman on the way to school.2、表示人或物的某一类。如：(1)Im a boy. (2)Would you like an orange?3、表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：(1)She has a pencil.(侧重pencil, 而非其他物品) (2)She has one pencil.(侧重数量“一支”，而非“两支、三支”)4、表示
14、“每一”，相当于every。如：They go to see the old man once a week.5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前，表示“一种”。如：Thats a great surprise to her.6、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人、何物。如：A boy is waiting for you.7、用于固定搭配词组中。如：a lot of, a little, a piece of.三、定冠词的用法：定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指，有“this/that或these/those”之意。 1、特指某人或某物。The man under the tree is his father.2、 指上文提到过的人或物。I bought a new book yesterday. The book is very useful.3、 指说话双方都提到过的人或物。A: Where is the dirty sock, Tom? B: Its on the bed, mum.4、 表示世界上独一无二的事物。the sun, the moon, the earth.
