简单句难点分析只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句根据句子的结构,简单句可分为5种:①主语+不及物动词;②主语+系动词+表语;③主语+及物动词+宾语;④主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语;⑤主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语此外,还有there be句型根据句子的功能,简单句可分为4类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句下面分析这4种类型的句子1、陈述句:用来陈述一件事或表示一种看法1)肯定式:He enjoys watching TV.2)否定式:①如果句子的谓语动词是be、have或有助动词和情态动词时,在它们之后加not构成否定式例如:He is not a student. He has not any books. He will not go there.注意:not与and连用时表示部分否定例如:He cannot read and write.=He can read but he cannot write. He is not rich and kind.=He is rich but he is not kind.②如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词,在谓语动词前加don't(第三人称用doesn't,过去式用didn't)。
例如:I don't want to buy a bike. He doesn't like this.③其他否定词如no,hardly,never等也可构成陈述句的否定式例如:He has no brothers or sisters. I will never ride a horse. He can hardly write an English word.④两者的全否定用neither或nor例如:Neither of them knows French.Neither John nor Mary is here.⑤两者的部分否定用both+not例如:Both of them didn't attend the meeting.(或Not both of them attended the meeting.)⑥三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,no one等例如:None of these answers is/are right. Nobody agrees with what you said.⑦三者以上的部分否定用某些表示总体意义的词(如all,many,every等)加not构成。
例如:Not many people like music. Not every girl likes singing and dancing. All these books are not mine. All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的不一定都是金子)⑧在某些句子中,按语意本应放在that从句中的否定词not被移至主句的谓语动词中,这种否定结构主要用于表示"相信"、"臆测"等动词(如believe,expect,imagine,suppose,think等)例如:I don't think it will be very cold today. We don't believe that he can do it.2、疑问句:用以提出问题按结构可分为4种1)一般疑问句:用Yes,No来回答的疑问句①谓语是be或have(表示"有"时),则将be或have放在主语前面如:Is she a teacher. Have you any English books.也可说:Do you have any English books.②谓语动词是行为动词,则将助动词do(does,did)或情态动词置于主语前面。
例如:Do you have a meeting every week. Can I help you.③一般疑问句的否定式通常把be,have或情态动词和not的简略式n't一起放在句首例如:Isn't she a doctor. 回答时,如果是肯定则说:Yes,she is.否定则说:No,she isn't.④在一般疑问句中,如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向,即答案可以是yes,也可以是no,句中常用非肯定词例如:Is there anything wrong with your pen.⑤但是,如果提问人对于答案带有肯定意向,即预期得到肯定的回答,则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词例如:Is there something wrong with your pen. Did someone phone last night.因此,在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时,通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词见"不定代词"some与any的用法)2)特殊疑问句:用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子,不用Yes或No回答①疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同例如:Who is in the room. Whose father works in Beijing.②疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成分的时候,用"疑问词+一般疑问句"。
例如:Where do you come from. When will you have the meeting.注意:who是主格,whom是宾格一般可用who代替whom但如果前面有介词,仍然要用whom例如:Who(Whom) are you looking for. With whom did you work yesterday.③"Why+一般疑问句否定式"这种结构一般表示劝告、建议、责备等例如:Why don't you come earlier.④双重疑问句的结构和用法双重疑问句按结构和内容可分两种:一般疑问句型双重问句和特殊疑问句型双重问句a.一般疑问句型双重问句这种双重疑问句的主句结构属一般疑问句,主句的谓语动词常是表示"询问(ask)"、"告诉(tell)"、"知道(know)"、"意识到(realize)"、"确信(make sure)"等动词,宾语是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句充当的例如:Could you tell us where they have gone. Did you have any idea why she was late. Do you know what Jack lost yesterday.对此类问句的回答用Yes或No。
Did you make sure who came to help us. -Yes,we did.如果想使宾语从句的疑问点更清楚地得到答复,或者听话人希望更具体地弄清句中的问题,那么,可在Yes或No后用陈述句或与之相应的省略结构例如:-Could you tell me where the bus stop is.-Yes,I could.Go along the road,and you'll find the bus station at the end of it.-Would you tell me when I should return the novel.-Yes,I should.Next Monday.b.特殊疑问句型双重问句这种双重问句常用来征询对某一问题的看法、认识、推测、判断、希望等,因而,它的谓语动词常是think,believe,hope,suppose,guess,say等这种双重问句的主句属于特殊疑问句型,宾语也是由宾语从句充当的,但它没有引导词,前面主句的特殊疑问词在逻辑上应是宾语从句的一部分,是用来修饰宾语从句的例如:Why do you think he is upset. -Who do you guess let out the dog. -Tom.这种双重问句的答语不能用Yes或No,而只能用与疑问词相应的答语。
Whom do you believe he'll go for a walk with. -He'll go with Mary.c.两种双重问句的区别从对两种双重问句的分析可以看出,它们的区别存在于形式与内容上:形式上的区别一目了然,内容上的区别则是最重要的、最本质的区别例如:A: -Do you know what he is.-Yes,I do. B: -What do you think he is.-I think he is a teacher./A teacher.可以看出,A句属一般疑问句双重问句,用Yes或No回答;但特殊疑问句型双重问句,不用Yes或No作答语,而需用一个与疑问词相对应的答语,这个答语要么是个句子,要么是省略了句子其它成份的短语或词下面的例句就是一个典型的错句:Do you think what we talked about just now.根据句子结构,上述问句只能用Yes或No来回答,但think后特殊问句的答复即"我们谈论什么"没有给出,所以逻辑上是完全错误的然而,这两种双重问句有一个相同点,那就是:由于主句均采用了疑问语序,后面的宾语从句也均用相同的语序--陈述语序。
从以上分析中可以看出,判断区别两种双重问句的关键在于把握句子的逻辑意思,看句子的谓语动词是不是表示看法、认识、判断等的词例如believe,think,guess等若是,就须用特殊疑问句型双重问句;若句子谓语动词是表示知道(know)、告诉(tell)等,用一般疑问句型双重问句3)反意疑问句:反意疑问句分以下两类:第一类前部分陈述如果用肯定形式,后部分则用否定形式;如果前部分用否定形式,后部分用肯定形式①前部分的谓语是be,have,had better或情态动词,反意疑问句部分仍用这些词例如:You had better go now,hadn't you. She can speak English,can't she.②前部分的谓语是行为动词,反意疑问句部分用do或did的肯定或否定式例如:He doesn't like sport,does he. You had breakfast at six this morning,didn't you.③前部分的谓语是there be,反意疑问句部分也用there be形式例如:-There is a radio on the table,isn't there. -Yes,there is.④前句的谓语动词为have(has)to/had to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词通常用do的适当形式。
例如:We have to get up at four tomorrow,don't we. They had to leave early,didn't they.⑤前句的谓语动词为used to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两种形式例如: He used to live in London,use(d)n't he/didn't he. There used to be a cinema here before the war,use(d)n't there/didn't there.⑥前句的谓语动词是ought to,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn't例如:Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they。