第十三章 定语从句定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系从句或关系副词引导关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分第一节关系代词引导的定语从句一、关系代词who, whom引导的定语从句who, whom用来代替人，who是主格，在定语从句中作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可以省略例如：The pupils who had been watching started to applaud. 一直在旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来The boy (whom) you saw yesterday is here now.你昨天见到的那个男孩现在就在这儿注：口语中可用who代替whom但是如果关系代词作介词的宾语，只能用whom，不用who如果介词在句尾，两者都可以用例如：This is the girl (who/whom)he worked with. This is the girl with whom he worked.这就是与他一起工作的女孩二、关系代词引导的定语从句whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与of which互换使用。
whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语例如：People whose dogs bite other people should keep them tied up.谁的狗咬了别人，谁就应该把它们拴起来The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.窗户破了的那所房子没人住代替物，作定语）当whose代替物时，实际上就相当于of which上面这句可以改写成：The house of which the windows are broken is unoccupied.三、关系代词which引导的定语从句which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略例如：The car which (that) was stolen has been found.偷走的车已被找到了The few points (which/that)the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.院长在报告里强调的几点的确很重要注：Which除了指物以外，还可以婴儿、动物和表示单数意义和集合名词；另外还可指人的地位、职位或品格等。
例如：The baby (which)the nurse brought in was born yesterday.护士抱进来的那个婴儿是昨天出生的The audience which is composed entirely of students is larger than ever.全部由学生组成的观众人数比以前多He is exactly the man (which) such an education was likely to form.他正是这样的教育所能造就出来的人四、that引导的定语从句That指物或指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，还可作表语作定语或表语时可以省略例如：He is a man that (who) means what he says. 他是个说话算数的人The people (that/whom) you met in the campus yesterday are from England.你昨天在校园里遇到的那些人是从英国来的These are the pictures that I took in Shanghai. 这些是我在上海的照片。
五、通常只用关系代词that，不用which, who或whom的几种情况１、当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等不定代词时，定语从句常用that引导例如：Professor Li has told us something that we should do in the summer vacation.李教授已经告诉我们暑假应该做的事He knew everything that happened in the village.他知道发生在村子里的每一件事Much that I learned in the book is very useful.我在那本书中学到的东西是非常有用的Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么事要我做的吗？２、当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句常用that引导例如：The first thing that I am going to do this evening is write to my parents.我今晚要做的第一件事就是给我父亲写封信。
This is the most interesting film that has been produced in recent years.这是近几年出品的最有意思的一部电影３、当先行词被no, every, some, any, only, very, much等限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用that引导例如：This is the very book that I have been looking for.这正是我在寻找的书There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.没有人不犯错误That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样做了４、当并列的两个先行词分别表示人与动物或人与物时，定语从句常用that引导例如：They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited.他们正在谈论他们访问过的老师和学校Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧从街道上走过来的那个男人和他的驴子。
５、主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句只能用that引导例如：Who is the person that is standing over there?站在那边的那个人是谁？Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?哪一位懂得物理知识的人不知道这一点？注：先行词是人称代词和指示代词时，常用who引导例如：他为人民作出了贡献应该受到尊敬He who contributes to the people deserves respect.不愿意去的人不必去Those who didn’t wish to go need not do so.６、当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用例如：The modern aeroplane is not the machine that it was when first invented.现代飞机不是刚发明时的那种飞机了He does not seem to be the man that he was.他似乎和过去不一样了７、当定语从句为there be句型时，从句主语的关系代词只能为that,但经常可以省略。
例如：I know the different (that) there is between you.我知道你们之间的分歧The number of mistake (that) there are in this homework is simply surprising.这份课外作业中的错误简直多得惊人六、关系代词but和than引导的定语从句１、but是具有否定意义的关系代词，代替人和物，相当于“that(或which, who)¼¼not”, 用于no之后例如：There is no rule but has some exceptions. 任何规则都会得有例外There was no single student in my class but (who did not) learn a lot from him.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到了许多东西２、than可引导定语从句，代替带有形容词比较级修饰的名词，是具有比较意义的关系代词在从句中兼当主语、宾语、表语用例如：There were more casualties than were reported. 伤亡的人员要比报道的多。
He spends more money than he earns. 他花的钱比挣的多He looks far older than he is. 他看起来比实际年龄老得多第二节 关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系副词when, where, way引导的定语从句When, where, why引导的定语从句分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并分别在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语关系副词也可根据其在句中的搭配关系，转换成介词加关系代词的结构例如：I shall never forget the day when (that/on which) I entered the university.我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天In the years when (that/in which) food was not enough many people were starved to death.粮食缺乏的那几年，许多人都被饿死了That is the factory where(in which) I worked three years ago.那就是我３年前工作过的那个工厂The next day John went with me to the station, where I bought a ticket for Beijing.第二天我和约翰去了趟火车站，我在那里买了张去北京的火车票。
The meeting will be put off next month, when we will have made all the preparations.会议将推迟到下个月，到时我们也许做好了一切准备That is the reason why (that/for which) I am not in favor of the plan.这就是我不赞成这个计划的原因This is the time when brand loyalties may be formed that could last well into adulthood.这是个对商品牌子依赖的时候，而这种依赖感会一直持续到成年注：time作先行词，如前面有序数词或last修饰时，不能用when引导定语从句，要用that，或省去不用但是，如果time之前无序数词或last,则when和that皆可引导定语从句例如：This is that last time that I shall give you a lesson.。