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1、Chp 1 I. Blank filling1. Langue refers to the _ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; parole refers to the _ of langue in actual use. 2. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users_ of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual _ of this knowledge in lingui
2、stic communication.3. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of _.4. The property of _ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by sepa
3、ration in time and place.5. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of_, and the other of_. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.II. T-F choice1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a partic
4、ular language. 2. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary. 3. We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we can think about “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function. III. Answer questions.1. What features of human lang
5、uage have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?Chp 2 1. The difference between a consonant and a vowel lies in whether there is air _in the production of them.2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds c
6、alled _, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants. 3. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without_.4. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of _ fea
7、tures.5. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong to _phoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from _phoneme(s). II. 1. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds of all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are use
8、d to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 2. In English, pill and bill form a minimal pair, and so do life and knife, pin and ping. 3. The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning, therefore they are said to be in complementary distribution. 4. The disti
9、nctive features in English can apply to the other languages, too. For instance, voicing distinguishes meaning in both English and Chinese. 5. In a standardized English syllable all of the three parts of onset, nucleus and coda are compulsory. III. Why can a phoneme distinguish meaning?Chp 3 1. A mor
10、pheme must convey a lexical meaning. 2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme. 3. The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes. 4. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached. 5. The morphological rules can be generalized in spite of so
11、me exceptions. 6. It is hard to believe that there is an interface between phonology and morphology. II. 1. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches:_ morphology and_morphology.2. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed _.3. -t、-d、-id are _of the morpheme -ed.
12、4. “Careless” is the _of the word “carelessness”; “Gentle” is the _ of the word “gentlemanliness”.5. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings:_ meaning and _ meaning. 6. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has different phonetic, _, _, and syntactic features. III. 1. Analyze and tell how many
13、 morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness / justifiable / descendent / overdeveloped / naturalistically / friendships / uninvitedly 2. How do you understand that there is an interface between morphology and phonology?Chp 4 1. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite ver
14、b or an infinite verb phrase is grammatically called a clause. 2. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences which can be produced. 3. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured according to the structuralist language view. 4
15、. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated. 5. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being. II 1. For any natural language, a set of s_ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences.2. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a f_ verb or
