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1、transient瞬时的 assumed假设的 boundary边界 uniform相同的，恒定的value 值 boiling 沸腾 surface 表面 sub-cooled 过冷的 significant显著的mechanisms机理 moisture潮湿 condensate冷凝 contact接触efficient有效率的 batch 间歇的 continuous 连续的local局部 latent 潜在的 fractionating column 精馏柱capacity容量 distributions分布 aging老化 pickling酸洗 amorphous无定形的 hold
2、保留，控制 Silica gel 硅胶 hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物equilibrium 平衡 subsystems子系统，次级系统fundamental principles基本原理evaporation蒸发black body黑体empty space 真空区concentration浓缩visible light可见光radiation 辐射distillate 馏出液acetonitrile 已腈precipitation 沉淀cation 阳离子hydroxide 氢氧化物chromatography层析recrystallization 重结晶sublimation 升华
3、physisorption 物理吸附activated carbon 活性炭hydrophilic 亲水性heat exchanger换热器用英文解释下列单词含义（自己在课件中找）Heat transfer:传热Heat exchanger：换热器Precipitation：沉淀Separation process：分离过程Dropwise condensation：液滴冷凝Steady state conduction：稳态传导Forced convection：强制对流A fractionating column：精馏塔Distillation：蒸馏Raoults law：拉乌尔定律Fil
4、mwise condensation：薄膜冷凝Tube Layout：管布局Waste heat recovery units：余热回收装置Laboratory fractionating columns：实验室用精馏柱Daltons law：道尔顿定律Continuous distillation：连续蒸馏Freeze drying：冷冻干燥Heat Conduction: 热传导Natural convection：自然对流Heat Radiation：热辐射翻译（自己翻译）1. Historically, the different chemical industries were re
5、garded as different industrial processes and with different principles. In 1923 William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis and William H. McAdams wrote the book The Principles of Chemical Engineering and explained the variety of chemical industries have processes which follow the same physical laws. They su
6、mmed-up these similar processes into unit operations. Each unit operation follows (遵循）the same physical laws and may be used in all chemical industries. The unit operations form the fundamental principles of chemical engineering.从历史上看，不同的化学工业被视为不同的工业流程和不同的原则。威廉.H.沃克，沃伦.K.刘易斯和威廉.H.麦克亚当斯在1923年写这本书，化工原
7、理，并解释说，化工等行业的各种过程，遵循相同的物理定律，可用于所有的化学工业。化工单元操作构成了化工系统的基本原则。2. For thermo economic optimization it is suggested that the baffles be spaced no closer than 20% of the shells inner diameter. Having baffles spaced too closely causes a greater pressure drop because of flow redirection. Consequently having
8、the baffles spaced too far apart means that there may be cooler spots in the corners between baffles. It is also important to ensure the baffles are spaced close enough that the tubes do not sag. The other main type of baffle is the disc and donut baffle which consists of two concentric baffles, the
9、 outer wider baffle looks like a donut, whilst the inner baffle is shaped as a disk. This type of baffle forces the fluid to pass around each side of the disk then through the donut baffle generating a different type of fluid flow.热经济优化建议的挡板间隔不超过壳的内直径近20%。在挡板间隔过于紧密，导致更大的压力，因为流量重定向下降。因此有挡板间隔太远，有可能是凉点
10、挡板之间的角落。这也是确保挡板的间距足够接近，管不凹陷重要。其他主要类型的挡板是圆盘和圆环挡板由两个同心的挡板，挡板外广泛看起来像一个甜甜圈，而内挡板的形状为圆盘。这种类型的挡板，迫使流体通过在每个磁盘的一面，然后通过圆环挡板产生不同类型的流体流动。3. Natural convection is when the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forcesthat result from the density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. For example i
11、n the absence of an external source, when the mass of the fluid is in contact with a hot surface its molecules separate and scatter (分散)causing the mass of fluid to become less dense. When this happens, the fluid is displaced vertically or horizontally while the cooler fluid gets denser and the flui
12、d sinks. Thus the hotter volume transfers heat towards the cooler volume of that fluid.自然对流发生在由于浮力引起的流体运动，这种浮力变化是流体中由于密度变化而引起温度变化的结果。例如在外部源的情况下，当流体聚集态与热源接触时，其分子发生分离并分散造成流体质量密度变小。热流体对冷流体就发生传热。4、Fractional distillation is one of the unit operations of chemical engineering. Fractionating columns are wi
13、dely used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled. Such industries are the petroleum processing, petrochemical production, natural gas processing, coal tar processing, brewing liquified air separation, and hydrocarbon solvents production and similar
14、industries but it finds its widest application in petroleum refineries . In such refineries, the crude oil feedstock is a very complex multicomponent mixture that must be separated and yields of pure chemical compounds are not expected, only groups of compounds within a relatively small range of boi
15、ling points, also called fractions and that is the origin of the name fractional distillation or fractionation. It is often not worthwhile separating the components in these fractions any further based on product requirements and economics. 精馏是化学工程的单元操作之一。被广泛应用于使用大量的液体蒸馏分馏塔的化学加工工业中。这些行业包括石油加工、石化产品、天然气加工、焦油(煤焦油)生产加工、酿造、液化空气分离和烃类溶剂生产等类似行业，但它使用最广泛的还是石油精炼。在炼油厂，原油原料是一个非常复杂的多组分混合物，必须分离和纯化学化合物的产量不是预期的，在一个相对较小的沸点范围的化合物组，也被称为组分，是名字的蒸馏或分馏的起源。它往往是不值得在这些分数的任何进一步的基于产品的要求和经济分离的组件。5、A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the fluids ar
