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1、学习必备欢迎下载Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageoralternativelyasthescientificstudyoflangu
2、age.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementet
3、cArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonomatopoeicwords.Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedof.elementsofthesecondarylevel
4、andeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganizationthelowerorthebasiclevel-thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.thehigherlevel-morphemesandwordswhicharemeaningfulCreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplew
5、hohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspacea
6、tthemomentofcommunication3.Jakobsonsclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.Jakobson:InhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics(1960)definedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunction感情功能4).Conativefunction意动功能
7、5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能HuZhuanglinclassificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunction施为功能4).Emotivefunction感情功能5).Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6).Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7).Metalingualfunction元语言
8、功能4.WhatarethemajordifferencesbetweenSaussuresdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomskysdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?AccordingtoSaussure,(1)Langueisabstract,paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation;(2)Langueisnotactuallyspokenbyanindividual,paroleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent;(3)Lan
9、gueisrelativelystableandsystematic,paroleisamassofconfusedfacts,thusnotsuitableforsystematicinvestigation.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities;Aspeakerscompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceiso
10、fteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeakersperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence;Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Inotherwords,theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.Chapter2SpeechSounds1.Phoneticsstudies
11、howspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguage.学习必备欢迎下载Phonologyaimstod
12、iscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolar)齿龈4.Hardpalate硬腭5.Softpalate(velum)软腭6.Uvula小舌7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue舌面9.Backoftongue10.Vocalcords声带11.Pharyngealcavity咽腔12.Nasalcavity鼻腔2.Phone（音素):th
13、esmallestperceptiblediscreetsegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)APhoneme（音位）：soundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)allophone(音位变体):phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme./=phoneme=phone=setofallophones.IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabetMinimalpairs最小对立体Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.e.g.am
