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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Competitiveness in the global forest industry sector: an empirical study with special emphasis on Germany 出 处：European J Forest Res 作 者：Matthias Dieter Hermann Englert Competitiveness in the global in forest industry sector: an empirical study with special emphasis on GermanyTuranSubs
2、atABSTRACT The objective of the presented study is to analyze the competitiveness of the German forest industry sector against the background of the international timber markets. The analysis is conducted based on global bilateral trade data in monetary terms. Timber commodities are grouped accordin
3、g to twelve commodity classes; each class is clearly attributed to one of the three processing levels raw wood, semi-finished and finished wood products. After an introductory description of the structure and development of the global timber market, two result-oriented competitiveness indicators hav
4、e been applied: the revealed comparative advantage (RCA), which indicates whether a country is specialized in a specific sectorthe RCA analysis has been conducted by means of the two consecutive indices Balassa index (BI) and Aquino index (AI)and in addition the constant market share (CMS) analysis,
5、 which disaggregates the overall export growth of a country into four different effects: (1) the world growth effect, (2) the commodity-composition effect, (3) the market-distribution effect and (4) a residual, which usually is interpreted as the competitiveness effect. Depending on the chosen indic
6、ator, results are given for 21 and 25 leading countries (RCA and CMS, respectively). The highest BI values are shown by Russia for raw wood (10.4), by Finland for semi finished wood products (11.3) and by Poland for finished wood products (4.7). The AI shows that countries which are specialized in t
7、imber commodity exports mostly are significant timber importers, as well. This is an indication of their integration in an intra-industry trade. Germany only has a BI value somewhat greater than 1 for finished wood products. This can be seen as an indication of merely an average competitiveness posi
8、tion in global timber markets. The CMS analysis delivers two key results: most of the leading timber exporters in absolute terms show only low export growth rates and vice versa. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship can be identified between a countrys timber export growth rate and its compet
9、itiveness effect. Most of the Eastern European and many Asian and Latin American countries show this pattern, as they have high growth rates and high positive competitiveness effects. Germanys export growth can be attributed much more to the overall world growth in timber markets than to its forest
10、industry capacity. Hence, a stagnation of world growth would have crucial effects on the German forest industry sector.INTRODUCTIONThe world is experiencing increasing interrelations in various fields of human and environmental existence. Globalization affects the economies of most of the worlds cou
11、ntries, as capital is rather free flowing over the world, seeking a host country where, inter alia, the costs for the complementary factors are as low as possible. Production technology and know-how move to those countries. As a consequence, traditional trade patterns change: upcoming economies gain
12、 market shares whereas former leading export countries loose their prevailing positions. The presented study is dedicated to those changes, which can be referred to as changes in competitiveness, here focused on the forest industry sector. The study is aimed at a better understanding of the recent c
13、ompetitiveness situation of the global forest industry sector and therewith at providing a scientific fundament for decision makers in policy and economy. The main emphasis of the study is on the competitiveness of the German forest industry sector. A comprehensive analysis, however, requires the co
14、nsideration of global aspects.Competitiveness is a commonly used term in economic policy debates and papers. However, until now there has been no clear definition of what competitiveness is exactly and of how it can be measured in quantitative terms. Strictly speaking competitiveness is not a featur
15、e of a sector or even of the overall economy of a country but only of a single enterprise. If an enterprise is able to hold ground in a market and to earn “high” real income in the long run it is competitive. Balassa (1962, p. 27) accurately speaks of the “ability to sell” as a competitive feature o
16、f enterprises. Due to the lack of a prominent definition of competitiveness several indicators have been developed and presented which in combination enable the characterization of the competitive situation of a specific sector and/or country. These can be classified into two groups (Gries and Hentschel 1994, p. 417): Result-oriented indicators: Thes
