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1、英语中的修辞手法1.明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如：He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。
2、)Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。)2.暗喻(Metaphor)暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(
3、a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如：What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。. while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm su
4、nshine of praise.(但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光，will do anything I can to help him through lifes dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the mo
5、dern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。The diamond department was the heart and center of the st
6、ore.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。3.借代(Metonymy)英语中将借代通称为metonymy（换喻、转喻）。转喻(即借代)是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。它是由某一事物名称来代替与该事物有密切关联的另一事物的名称。本体和喻体联系紧密，但表面并不相似，有如下种类：1. 以抽象代具体，如heart and head代情感与理智（所以提喻其实是借代的一种；2. 以特殊个人、地点、事物等名字代一类人或某机构：downing street代英国政府，Beijing代中国政府，He is another Shylock，Shylock代和其性格（吝啬）一样的人；3. 以容器或工具代相邻的事物，如Th
7、e kettle is boiling.kettle（水壶）在此指代水，其实是水烧开而不是水壶烧开；等等。4. 你这里的ear应该指代欣赏音乐的能力，ear和欣赏能力外表并不相似，但联系紧密，因为耳朵可作为聆听、鉴赏音乐的工具。Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them.几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。“说”应该
8、是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻，以人名借代作品。Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，太阳和月亮的相似性。)文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”。“The pen is mightier than than the s
9、word”，句中用pen 表power of literature，用sword代force。The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the
10、curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)4.提喻（Synecdoche)提喻又称举隅法，代表整体与部分的关系。或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象,原材料代成品等等。1. 整体替代部分：Argentina beat China.2. 部分替代整体：We are short of hands.The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood
11、of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team.很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。这里的“ma
12、ny eyes”代替了“many persons”。：She has got five mouths to feed.此five mouths指代五口人，本体和喻体是局部与整体的关系；Aunt Melissa is my admiration。此admiration的钦佩的人，本体和喻体是抽象与具体的关系；Where did you buy this cotton？此cotton代表衣服，本体与喻体为原材料与成品的关系。He earned his bread as a dust man.这里的bread应该指生计，本体和喻体是具体与抽象的关系。5.拟人(Personification)拟人是把
13、人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。例如：. four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。)house
14、本来是没有感情的，作者通过拟人的手法，表现房子里人的冷漠无情。The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，
15、藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。6.夸张(Hyperbole.exaggeration)夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出，渲染气氛，烘托意境，给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。例如：Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢二十条，三十条，或许几百条。)此句中20 of them, 30 of
