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1、英语词汇学重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for sp
2、ecific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words a
3、re used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into
4、smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete uttera
5、nce and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7.
6、 Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morphe
7、me. 9. Prefixes 前缀 Prefixes are affixes added before words. 10. Suffixes 后缀 Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three 1. Word-formation rules 构词规则 Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. 2. Stem 词干 Stem is the part of the word-form wh
8、ich remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 3. Base 词基 Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 4. Compounding 合成法 Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. 5. Derivation 派生法 Derivation or affixation is a w
9、ord-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. 6. Conversion 转化法 Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 7. Prefixation 前缀法
10、Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. 8. Suffixation 后缀法 Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Four: 1. Initialism 首字母连写词 Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced
11、 letter by letter. 2. Acronyms首字母拼音词 Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 3. Clipping 截短法 The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables fro
12、m a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form. 4. Blending 拼缀法 Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. 5. Back-for
13、mation 逆成法 Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. 6. Reduplication 重叠法 Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of
14、 one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants. 7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法 Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek. Five: 1.
15、Conventionality 约定俗成 It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. 2. Motivation 理据 Mo
16、tivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense. 3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词 Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. 4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据 A word is morphologically motivated if a direct
