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1、Blooms taxonomy Page71 （Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics） a taxonomy of objectives for the cognitive domain developed by the American educationalist, B.S. Bloom, and widely referred to in education and educational planning. Bloom s taxonomy consists of 6 levels, rangin
2、g from knowledge （which focuses on reproduction of facts） to evaluation （which represents higher level thinking）. The six levels in Blooms taxonomy are: 由美国教育学家 B.S. 布鲁姆提出的关于认知领域目标的分类方法，在教育和教育规划方面被广泛运用。布鲁姆分 类法从知识（主要指事实再现）到评价（代表更高级的思维）有六个层次，包括：Level层次Knowledge 知识Characteristic Student Behaviours 学生仃为
3、特点Remembering, memorizing, recognizing, recalling 记忆、牢记、识别、 回想Comprehension 理解 Interpreting, translating from one mediun to another, describing in onesApplication 应用own words解释,使用不同手段去说明，用自己的诂进彳丁描述Problem-solving, applying information to produce some results 解决问 题，对信息进行利用以取得某种效果Analysis 分析Subdiving
4、something to show how it is put together, finding the underlying structure of a communication, identifying motives 对事物 进行剖析以揭示它的构成,揭示信息的基本结构，确定动机Synthesis 综合Creating a unique, original product that may be in verbal form or may be a physical object进行独特的有创造行的发明，可以是文字的，也可 以是实物Evaluation 评价Making value
5、decisions about issues, resolving controversies or differences of opinion对问题作出价值评定,解决争议或意见的分歧Classical test theory 经典测试理论 P92a test theory that assumes that a test taker s observed score, a socre that this person actually received on a test, has two additive components as follows 一种测试理 论，认为我们观察到的受测试
6、者的分数（被观察分数）,即这个人实际 在测试中得到的分数，是由下面的两个附加部分组成的：X（Observed Score 观察到的分数）=T（True Score 真实分数）+E（Error Score 误差分数）Where true score is defined as a hypothetical score of a test takers trueability, which is thought of as the average of the scores a test taker would be expected to obtain if this person took the same test an infinite number of times. According to this theory, the true score remains constant and any non-systematic variation in the observed score is due to the error score.此处真实分数被定义为受 测试者真实能力的假设分数：如果该受测试者无限度接受同一测试，他预期能够得到的分数 的平均值。根据这一理论，真实分数是个常数，观察到的分数出现的任何非系统差异都是由 于误差分数造成的。
