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1、2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: The surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for o
2、ne purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true
3、 cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use res
4、ources most effectively to satisfy the wants of the community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market
5、mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhereif the leather can be used to produce handbags tha
6、t are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bid up correspondingly.1. What does this passage mainly discuss?2. According to the passage, what are the opportunity costs of an item?3. According to the passage, what is the relationship between production and resources?4. What determ
7、ines the price of a good in a market economy?5. Which of the following examples BEST reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?问题1选项A.The scarcity of manufactured goods.B.The value of scarce materials.C.The manufacturing of scarce goods.D.The cost of producing shoes.问题2选项A.The amount of t
8、ime and money spent in producing it.B.The opportunities a person has to buy it.C.The value of what could have been produced instead.D.The value of the resources used in its production.问题3选项A.Available resources stimulate production.B.Resources are totally independent of production.C.Production incre
9、ases as resources increase.D.Production lessens the amount of available resources.问题4选项A.The cost of all elements in production.B.The cost of not making other goods.C.The efficiency of the manufacturing process.D.The quantity of materials supplied.问题5选项A.A family buying a dog.B.Eating in a restauran
10、t instead of at home.C.Using land for a house instead of a park.D.Staying at home instead of going to school.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据全文可知文章三段均围绕短缺原料的价值进行说明。文章第一段说明了什么叫原料相对短缺，第二段说明了什么叫机会成本，第三段说明了原料的价格是由什么决定的。A选项“制成品的缺乏”说法错误，文章更多的是描写原料的短缺，而非制成品；B选项“稀有材料的价值”符合题意；C选项“稀有商品的制造”文章没有提到；D选
11、项“生产鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. （比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知D选项只是文章中列举的一个例子，并不能概括全文。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Every act of production uses up some of societys
12、available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.（每一种生产行为都会消耗一些社会可用资源；它意味着放弃一个生产其他东西的机会。）”，由此可知机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，所以C选项“可生产的其他商品的价值”符合题意。A选项“生产它所花费的时间和金钱”只能说是生产成本，不是机会成本；B选项“人们必须购买它的机会”；D选项“在生产中使用的资源的价值”文中都没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Materials used for o
13、ne purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.（用于一个目的产品的材料不能同时用于其他产品；如果投入的材料数量是有限的，那么在另一个制造过程中增加投入材料的使用量必然会导致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。）”，由此可知社会总资源是
14、有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产，所以D选项“生产减少了可用资源的数量”符合题意。A选项“可用资源刺激生产”文中没有提到；B选项“资源完全独立于生产”说法错误，资源不可能独立于生产；C选项“产量随着资源的增加而增加”说法错误，产量的增加不止取决于资源。因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it（市场经济条件下，商品的价格和产量取决于其成本）”，然后又提到“The
15、 cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.（比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知商品的价格取决于生产过程中所有要素的成本，所以A选项“生产中所有要素的成本”符合题意。B选项“不生产其他商品的成本”和C选项“制造过程的效率”以及D选项“材料的数量”都包含在A选项中，因此A选项正确。5.判断推理题。文章主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念
16、“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A选项“一户人家买了一只狗”；B选项“在餐馆吃饭而不是在家里”；C选项“用土地建房子而不是建公园”；D选项“待在家里而不是去上学”。A、B、D选项均未涉及到生产领域，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white
