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1、Older people who have low expectations for a satisfying future may be more likely to live longer, healthier lives than those who see brighter days ahead, according to new research published by the American Psychological Association. Our findings revealed that being overly optimistic in predicting a
2、better future was associated with a greater risk of disability and death within the following decade, said lead author Frieder R. Lang, PhD, of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. Pessimism about the future may encourage people to live more carefully, taking health and safety precaution
3、s. The study was published online in the journal Psychology and Aging.Lang and colleagues examined data collected from 1993 to 2003 for the national German Socio-Economic Panel, an annual survey of private households consisting of approximately 40,000 people 18 to 96 years old. The researchers divid
4、ed the data according to age groups: 18 to 39 years old, 40 to 64 years old and 65 years old and above. Through mostly in-person interviews, respondents were asked to rate how satisfied they were with their lives and how satisfied they thought they would be in five years.Five years after the first i
5、nterview, 43 percent of the oldest group had underestimated their future life satisfaction, 25 percent had predicted accurately and 32 percent had overestimated, according to the study. Based on the average level of change in life satisfaction over time for this group, each increase in overestimatin
6、g future life satisfaction was related to a 9.5 percent increase in reporting disabilities and a 10 percent increased risk of death, the analysis revealed.Because a darker outlook on the future is often more realistic, older adults predictions of their future satisfaction may be more accurate, accor
7、ding to the study. In contrast, the youngest group had the sunniest outlook while the middle-aged adults made the most accurate predictions, but became more pessimistic over time.Unexpectedly, we also found that stable and good health and income were associated with expecting a greater decline compa
8、red with those in poor health or with low incomes, Lang said. Moreover, we found that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.The researchers measured the respondents current and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10 and determined accuracy in predicting life satisfaction
9、by measuring the difference between anticipated life satisfaction reported in 1993 and actual life satisfaction reported in 1998. They analyzed the data to determine age differences in estimated life satisfaction; accuracy in predicting life satisfaction; age, gender and income differences in the ac
10、curacy of predicting life satisfaction; and rates of disability and death reported between 1999 and 2010. Other factors, such as illness, medical treatment or personal losses, may have driven health outcomes, the study said.The findings do not contradict theories that unrealistic optimism about the
11、future can sometimes help people feel better when they are facing inevitable negative outcomes, such as terminal disease, according to the authors. We argue, though, that the outcomes of optimistic, accurate or pessimistic forecasts may depend on age and available resources, Lang said. These finding
12、s shed new light on how our perspectives can either help or hinder us in taking actions that can help improve our chances of a long healthy life.有一个满意的未来预期低的老年人更可能活得更长，更健康的生活比那些谁看到未来美好的日子，根据新的研究由美国心理协会出版。“我们的调查结果显示，在一个更美好的未来预测过于乐观，是与伤残和死亡的风险更大，在接下来的十年里，说：”主要作者弗里德郎，博士，在德国埃尔兰根 - 纽伦堡大学的。“对未来的悲观情绪可能鼓励人们
13、的生活更仔细，健康和安全防范措施。”这项研究结果发表在“心理学”杂志上在线与衰老。郎和他的同事们研究了1993年至2003年为德国国家社会经济面板，包括约40000人，18至96岁的私人家庭的年度调查收集的数据。研究者将根据年龄组：18至39岁，40至64岁和65岁及以上的数据。通过大多是在人的访谈中，受访者被要求评价的满意度如何，他们与他们的生活和他们认为他们会在五年内的满意度如何。五年后的第一次采访中，43的最古老的一组低估了他们未来的生活满意度，25的受访者曾准确预测高估了32，根据这项研究。分析显示，在生活满意度的变化随着时间的推移这组的平均水平基础上，每增加高估未来的生活满意度与报告
14、障碍增加了9.5和10的死亡风险增加。由于较深的往往是对未来的展望更加逼真，老年人的预测他们未来的满意度可能更准确，根据这项研究。相比之下，年轻组有阳光最充足的前景，而中年人做了最准确的预测，但随着时间的推移变得更加悲观。，“郎咸平说：”没想到，我们还发现，稳定和良好的健康和收入均与预期与那些健康状况不佳或低收入者的收入相比，有较大下降。“此外，我们发现，收入较高的残疾的风险更大。”研究人员测量了受访者当前和未来的生活满意度0分至10分，确定准确预测生活满意度测量预期于1993年，在1998年报告的实际生活满意度报告的生活满意度之间的差异。他们分析了数据，以确定估计生活满意度的年龄差异;报告准
15、确预测生活满意度，年龄，性别和收入差异，在生活满意度的预测的准确性和伤残和死亡率在1999年和2010年之间。其他因素，如疾病，医疗或个人的损失，可能带动健康结果，该研究称。调查结果并不矛盾的理论，有时可以帮助人们感觉更好时，他们正面临着不可避免的负面结果，如“绝症”，根据作者对未来不切实际的乐观。，“郎咸平说：”我们认为，虽然，乐观，准确或悲观的预测的结果可能依赖于年龄和可用资源。“这些发现揭示新的光，我们的观点如何可以帮助或阻碍我们采取行动，可以帮助改善我们的长期健康生活的机会。”“成千上万人疯狂下载。更多价值连城的绝密英语学习资料，洛基内部秘密英语，技巧，策略请在 网上 申请报名” / 文档可自由编辑打印
