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1、2011届高考英语知识点总结（3）by prep. 乘。用来表示方式，其后的名词为单数，且不加冠词。例如 by bike/bus/ car /taxi/train/road/railway/land/boat/ship/ water/ sea/plane/air但：步行用on foot.注意：若表示交通工具的名词前有限定词，则将by 改作in 或on.in ones/the car/ bus/plane etc. on the bikeby name该介宾词组的意思是名叫；凭名字。如：He met a man, John by name.I knew him only by name.by o
2、nes first marriage 通过或由于某人的第一次婚姻 介词by有许多含义，在此处意为通过，相当于through。 He left by the first train. 他乘第一次列车离开了。The electricity supply is operated by a switch.供电由一个开关控制。by the age of/at the age of,by到时为止。表示的是一段时间，句子通常用完成时态。at在时候。表示的是具体时间点，句子通常用一般时态。By the age of ten,he had learned to play the piano.10岁的时候，他就学
3、会了弹钢琴。He was very clever.and at the age of 15 he went to college.他非常聪明，15岁时上大学了。By the end of this term,well have learned 2000 English words.到本学期末，我们将学会2000个英语单词。At the end of this term,well hold an English party.在本学期末，我们将举行一次英语晚会.call 短语动词.call所构成的短语很多，现将在中学课上的常出现的由call所构成短语的意义和用法列出。(1)call at 指短期访
4、问某地：顺便去某处。We called at the park when we stayed in the city. 我们在那个城市时顺便去了那个公园。(2)call on的意思正式拜访某人；此外，它还有号召之意。如：They called on the famous scientist.他们拜访了那个著名科学家。The Party calls on us to learn from Comrade Lei Feng.党号召我们向雷锋同志学习。(3)call to大声呼唤、招呼、呼求。如：They called to us for help. 他们向我们呼求援助。(4)call for可作要
5、求、需要、提倡，还可作邀约解。如：This is a problem that calls for immediate solution.这是个要求立即解决的问题。Ill call for you then and we go there together.到时我来叫你，我们一起去哪儿。(5)call in有召来、召请、召进之意。Youd better call in a doctor.你最好请一位医生来。(6)此外，call back有叫回来、收回之意；call off有叫出去、叫走之意；call after可作追在后面叫喊和以某人的名字命名之意。can/may/must表推测的用法can,
6、 may, must等都可用于表推测，但它们的含义和用法不同。must语气最肯定，指一定、必定，只用于肯定句中。must+动词原形表示对现在情况的推测；must + have + done 表示对过去情况的推测。如：Mum must be cooking supper now.妈妈现在一定在做晚饭。He must have finished his work.他一定完成他的工作了。May/might表示或许，可能。如：Tom may go abroad next year.汤姆明年可能要出国。She might have finished the work.她可能已完成这项工作了。He can
7、t know the answer.他不可能知道这个答案。can/could表示可能，会，我用于否定和疑问句中。如：Could she he at home?她可能在家吗？can,表示一时的情况，意为有时侯会。can的这种用法，只用在肯定句中。如：Children are lovely, but they can be tiring.Training by yourself in a game can be highly dangerous.carry短语归纳carry away拿走，带走；carry on(with)ones work继续工作；carry on a struggle/figh
8、t 开展斗争；carry on a big business经营大生意；carry out a plan/order/promise/instructions/ones duty/an experiment/advices/tests执行计划/执行命令/履行诺言/执行指示/履行职责/做实验/按建议办/进行试验；be carried up into space被发射升空。应用介、副词填空Its often easier to make plans than it is to carry them_.Lets stop here. Well carry_ the conversation tomo
9、rrow.Carry the baby _. Its dangerous here.Rising costs made it hard to carry _ the business.They decided to carry _ though the weather was bad.Key:out on away on oncarry out 搬出；进行，实行，执行 Would you please carry the chairs out? The plan should be carried out at once. It was important to carry out the w
10、ork quickly.赶快进行这些工作是重要的。 He did not carry out his promise to us. 对我们他没有实现他的诺言。 用out构成的短语：look out向外看，小心work out算出来，实行。 leave out遗漏，忽视 take/bring out拿出来thinking out想出 hold out伸出，支持，抵抗到底case用法小结(1)名词case的词意意为情形、情况。If thats the case, youll have to work much harder.如果是那种情形的话，你将不得不更加努力地工作。意为病例、案例。There
11、were seven cases of cholera.有7起霍乱的病例。The civil case will be heard in court next week. 这一案件将于下星期审理。意为箱、盒、容器。John bought a case of beer.约翰买了一箱啤酒。(2)由case构成的短语in case意为因为可能发生某事、以防万一，是介词短语，在句中作状语，常可置于句尾；也可用做连词，后跟that从句(that常省略)，表示条件或目的，从句谓语习惯用should+动词原形(should常省略)或陈述语气。It may rain-youd better take an u
12、mbrella(just)in case(it does).可能下雨-你最好带把雨伞，以防万一。In case(=If)he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.如果他在我回来之前到，请让他等一下。He doesnt dare to leave the house in case(that)he should be recognized.他不敢出门，生怕被认出来。in that case意为既然那样、假若是那样的话，用来承接上文。In that case, you wouldnt have a pan on fire. Youd
13、have a house on fire！要是那样，你就不光使锅着火，你还会把房子烧起来。You dont like the job? In that case why dont you leave?你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么不辞掉呢？He may be late. In that case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，因此我们应该等他。in any case意为无论如何、总之。We have to help him to pay the debt in case.我们无论如何要帮他还债。in no case意为在任何情形下决不、无论如何都不，用于句首时句子要
14、进行部分倒装。In no case shall I forget the expression on her face.我决不会忘记她脸上的表情。in case of sth.意为若发生某事、如果、假如，是短语介词，后接名词、代词、 -ing形式作宾语。In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.遇火警时立即按警铃。In case of rain（=In case it rains）,they cant go.要是下雨，他们就走不了了。In case of his being absent, well put off the meeting till next w
15、eek.如果他缺席，我们就会把会议推迟到下周。in the case of意为至于、就来说，是短语介词。In the case of your debt, Ill pay it off for you.至于你的欠款，我会替你还清的。catch fire; on firecatch fire 意为着火，表示动作。on fire 意为着火、在燃烧，表示状态。如：Suddenly a pan of oil catches fire.Soon the whole floor was on fire and it was impossible for people on the floors above to escape.cause n.（大家为之奋斗的）事业 Helping the poor is a worthy cause. 帮助穷人是一项有价值的事业。 World peace
