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1、专题讲解： 定语从句一. 知识疏理：1. 定语从句2. 先行词3. 关系词的用法：包括关系代词与关系副词二. 专题讲解：一. 什么是定语从句？ 定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来 充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。e.g: Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class. 汤姆是一个用功的学生，他在班里总是第一名。（修饰名词 student。）e.g: Football is played over 80 coun
2、tries, which makes it popular. 80多个国家都在踢足球，因此足球很流行。（修饰整个主句 Football is played over 80 countries。）二. 先行词与关系词1. 什么是先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。e.g: Dont forget the book that I told you to bring.别忘了我让你带的书。（the book为先彳丁词。）2. 什么是关系词：引导定语从句的关联词为关系词，分为关系代词与关系副词。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，关系副词在定语从句中作 状语。关系代词有： tha
3、t, which, who, whom, whose关系副词有： where, when, why, e.g: I will never forget the days when I stayed in New York. 关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。 在定语从句中，关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，关系副词起着副词和连 词的作用。 在定语从句中，关系词代替先行词，因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相 当于先行词的词。下面的句子是错误的：This is the right book that you are looking for the book.（应去掉
4、 the book。）This is the right book that you are looking for it.（应去掉 it。） 常见的关系代词指代对象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物主格who, thatwhich, that,that宾格whom, that所有格whosewhose常见的关系副词指代对象先行词关系副词及相应介词结构时间时间先行词：day, year, date, timewhen, during which地点地点先行词：the place, the city,Beijingwhere, in which, from which原因原因先行词：the reaso
5、nwhy, that, for whiche.g: Our chemistry teacher is a man who/that can make his class lovely and interesting.我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。（who/ that在定语从句中作主语，代指人a man。）e.g: The books that/ which they bought were written by me. 他们买的那些书是我写的。（that/which 在定语从句中作宾语，代指物 the books。e.g: Make marks in places where you
6、have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记.（where为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。）e.g: I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。（when 为关系副词，在定语从句中作时间状语。） 重点：关系代词选择三步骤：步骤一：首先找出先行词。e.g: The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。（the book是先行词，指物。）步骤二：确定先行词
7、在从句中所作的成分。先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语，因此选择指物的关系代 词 which/that 作宾语。步骤三：确定关系代词的人称和数。在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数，如果关系代词作主语，则从 句的谓语动词相应用单数。三。关系代词的用法：常用关系代词有 who, whom, whose, that, which, 等。这些关系代词在定语从 句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词主要起三种作用：代替先行词、在 定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。e.g: This is an old computer. Itworks much slower
8、.这是一台旧电脑。它工作起来速度较慢。（普通代词 it 代替 an old computer。）This is an old computer which/that works much slower.这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。（关系代词 which/ that 代替 an old computer。）（ 1）who/whom 的用法二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句只作 宾语。e.g: In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250在这次地震中
9、死亡的人数多达250 000。（who在定语从句中作主语。）e.g: The man whom you met just now is my friend.你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。（whom在定语从句作宾语。）（2）whose的用法：whose 一般指人，但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。e.g: Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。（whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。）Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个通过窗
10、户可以俯看大海的房间。（whose 在从句中作 window 的定语。）（3）which的用法：which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。e. g: Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的一项运动。（which在定语从句中作主语）e. g: This is the pen which he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。（which在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）（4）that的用法:that指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作宾 语或表语时可省略。指人时相当于who或
11、whom,指物时相当于which.e. g: The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year is rising.每年来参观这个城市的人的数量在增多。（that在定语从句中当主语）e. g: Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?我今天上午见到的那个人在哪儿？（that在定语从句作宾语）四关系副词的用法:常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。这些关系副词在定语从句中作状 语。（1）where的用法：在定语从句中作地点状语，指代地点
12、。此时常可用in which, on which, at which, to which 等结构代替。e.g: Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（=Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.） 有些太冷不 能种稻米的地方，可以种马铃薯。(2)when 的用法：在定语从句中作时间状语，往往代指时间。此时常可用 on which, in which, at which, during which 等代替。e.g:
13、 I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.(=1 shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.) 我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。(3) why的用法：why在定语从句中作原因状语。可以用for which代替。why 不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。e.g: I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来
14、是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。(why在从句作原因状语。)( 4)that 的用法在表明方式、时间或地点的先行词后面，常用 that 来代替 in which， when 或 where， that 也可省去。 that 在句中不作任何成分，只起到引导定语从句的作 用，修饰的先行词常为the way, the time, the day, the place等，此时也可换为其他 相应的关系副词。 表示方式时。that(=in which)常省略。此时不能用how引导定语从句， 但把 the way 去掉之后。可直接用 how 引导方式状语。e.g: Can you work out a w
15、ay ( that/ in which) we can solve this problem？ 你能找出一种我们可以解决这个问题的方法吗？(that在定语从句中不作成分。) 表示地点时，that (= where=介词+ which)也可省略。e.g: I have never been to the places( that/ where/ in which) the Indians live. 我从未到过那些印第安人居住的地方。(that在定语从句中不作成分。) 表示时间时，that ( =when=介词+ which)也可省略。e.g: I still remember the days ( that/ when/on which) I helped my father on the farm. 我仍然记得在农场上给我爸爸帮忙的日子。(that在定语从句不作成分。) 另外，关系副词that有时还可用来代替关系副词why,表示原因。 e.g:The reason that(=why)he lost his life was lack of medical care. 他的死是由于缺乏医疗护理。注意：在下面这个句子中，不能用why,只能用which或that。
