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1、阅读理解第二讲词义猜测一、根据定义、解释或同位关系来猜测词义。句子中有些词在其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，我们可通过对其定义或解释的理解来推测出它的词义。定义、解释多样，常用“to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语来提示下文将对前面的信息加以重复或解释。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。如：1. The schools are reluctant to take time off - even teachers with ti
2、ckets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. (06福建A)A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless2. Here is the Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar, and reindeer with surprising sauces. (04 福建E)A. Place in which you can
3、see many mobile homesB. Mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC. Town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. Restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food二、通过对比关系来推测词义。一个生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或对比词语,我们由此可推知生词的意思。能体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有but, yet, however, while, unlike, ins
4、tead, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号分号也可表示对比。如：1. Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercising or overeating.（05 天津 D）A. adult education B. childhood overweightC. parents influence D. growing pains2 We tried to borrow white shirts
5、 everywhere so as to take part in the evening party. But we tried in vain. Every one of us looked disappointed at the bad news.A. in surprise B. uselessly C. in silence D. usually三 通过同等关系来推测词义。所谓同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词意都属于同一义域。在这样的词组和短语中，通常有并列连词and或者or等作同等关系的标志词。据此，只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等
6、关系中生词的词性，在句中的作用和大概的义域。同义词替换的表达方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similar等。如：1.Im delighted to receive a letter from my father. In the letter he told me that he would buy a new bike for me. Im so happy, because from now on I wont have to walk a long way to school.A. very sorry B. very sa
7、d C. very tired D. very pleased2. Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats, often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause right waves that endangered travelers. Peoples food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed
8、 help from nature to ensure good harvests。（06 重庆 E）A. impossible to make sure of B. likely to be protectedC. easy to damage D. difficult to find四、通过因果关系来推测词义。我们可通过对原因或结果进行逻辑推理，猜出结果或原因中的生词词义。通常由because, so that, sosuchthat等词汇及结构来体现。如：1The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centime
9、ters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, of young leaves. (05江西D)A. regular cutting of the plants B. frequent wateringC. regular use of chemicals D. growing the plants high in the mountain2. But t School uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the
10、 USA. Thats no surprise, because they offer many benefits. （05 北京春季 E）A.tasks B. messages C differences D. advantages 五、通过构词法猜测词义英语中很多单词都是有词根家前后缀组成的，知道词根及前后缀的意思， 就可以推断出生词的意思。合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单词。如：blackboard, man-made,overthrow转化：由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发生一定的变化。I was asked to minute the race.“minute”转化成动
11、词，意为“为计时”hand(n.)hand(v.) empty(adj.)empty(v.)因此，掌握一些常用的英语构词法知识，对于判断生词的词义是非常必要的。1With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.(03 NMET)根据构词法知识，-al是常用的形容词后缀，-ment是名词后缀，un-non-是前缀，通常表
12、示“不， 没有，非”的意思，再根据词根condition是条件和judge是评判、判决的意思，不难判断出是unconditional“无条件的，绝对的”和nonjudgemental“没有判断力的”2.My teenage son Karl became withdrawn after his father died. As a single parent, I tried to do my best to talk to him, but the more I tried, the more he moved away.(04 NMET) withdrawn 退缩，（在社交场合或情绪方面）变
13、得冷漠A. preferred to stay alone at home B. lost interest in his studies C. refused to talk to others D. began to dislike his mother六. 根据生活常识猜测词意运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，正确猜出生词词意，是一种行之有效的猜测词意的方法。下面两段文字中分别有三个划线的生词，依据已知内容，利用生活常识，可以较为准确地猜出它们的词意。1Fishes live in water and have fins which help them
14、to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them. 2Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.以上仅为最常见的几种猜测词义的方法，阅读时可利用的方法远
15、不止这几种。在阅读过程中，灵活地使用以上猜测生词的技巧，这样不仅可以扩大词汇量，而且最重要的是能提高阅读理解能力。巩固练习1He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated.A. get worse B. improve C. was recorded D. developed 2. The young man failed in his experiment. He seemed to have lost all his hope. Just at that time his father came to help him, saying, “ dont despair, child. If you work harder, youll succeed in the end.”A. to fail in the experiment B. to help someoneC. to succeed in the end
