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1、语态是英语动词的一种形式，是用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系的。英语语态分为主动语态（active voice）和被动语态(passive voice)两种。主动语态是表示主语是动作的执行者，如：1）Yesterday I parked my car outside the school.被动语态是表示主语是动作的承受者，如：2)A sound of piano is heard in the hall.英语里被动语态的使用似乎比汉语要广泛。英语的被动语态长用在下列的场合：1）当我们不知道动作的执行者的时候，如：1. Printing was introduced into Europe from
2、 China.2. Look! Theres nothing here. Everything has been taken away.3. My car has been moved!2)当我们不必提出动作的执行者的时候，如：4. I was born in 1960.5. Such things are not done twice. 这种事情不可再做。（现在一般时表经常性动作）3） 当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者的时候，如：6. She is liked by everybody.7. A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很开心。4） 当我们出于礼貌避免说出动
3、作的执行者时，如：8. Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接头？9. Youll be contacted.我们会和你联系。5)当有时候出于行文的需要，如：10. The film was directed by Xie Jin. (上文谈到的是该电影)11. Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. (上文谈到的是海伦)6)有些动词习惯上常用被动语态，如：12. Its done. (可缩略为Done!) 成啦！（现在一般时被动式表动作已完成）13. He is said to
4、be a good teacher.他被认为是个好老师。14. I was born in 1960.15. The flag was slung between two trees.Sling sli slung sl 悬挂7)有时候说话人在不愿意就行为、意见或自己不大肯定的事而表态的情况下，有意选用被动语态，如：16. This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.8)有时候说话人想避免用不明确的词如someone, a person等词做主语的情况下，就常常使用被动语态，如：17. After my talk, I was aske
5、d to explain a point I had made.反之，如果说话人想表述事关个人时，则就避免使用被动语态了。9)有时候说话人是想对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负责任，因此有意选用被动语态：18. Boss: Overtime rates are being reduced/ will have to be reduced.加班工资将调低/ 将必须调低。如果是宣布令人高兴的事情，则当然会使用主动态动词：19. I am / We are going to increase overtime rates. 将调高加班工资。10） 有时候说话人可能知道动作是谁做的，但不希望提到他的名字
6、或者不提名字而进行暗示或警告，则选用被动语态。比如汤木怀疑比尔私下拆了他的信，他可能会说：20. This letter has been opened. 而不说 Youve opened this letter.*被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。比如：正式的布告 / 通告、广告、标题Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins.考生应于考试前15分钟到达考场。English spoken 本店讲英语Shoes r
7、epaired修鞋KENNEDY ASSASSINATED! 肯尼迪被刺！ALL GOODS GREATLYREDUCED! 各种货物大减价！被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。主动语态变为被动语态，可分为下列三种情况论述：1. “主+谓+宾”基本句型的变化1. Bell invented the telephone in 1876.2. The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.3. He wrote an article.4. An article was written by him.另外被动结构中的by短语，如无必要的话可以省略，
8、如：1. They make these cars in Boston.2. These cars are made in Boston.如果宾语是that从句，变为被动结构的时候可用it作被动句的形式主语，如：1. They know that he is an expert.2.It is known that he is an expert.或者可以把原宾语从句中的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语，如：3.He is known to be an expert.在比较老式的英语中，或者在当代英语的少数说法中，被动句的by短语也可以用of 短语代替，如：4.He w
9、as beloved of everybody.被动结构中的by短语并不一定总是代表动作的执行者，它有时也可表示方式或者原因，如：5. A policeman is known by the clothes he wears.6. I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我对他再次邀请我跳舞感到非常高兴。2. 在双宾语句子的结构中（就是指动作需要一个中介物到另外一个对象身上，中介物直接承受动作，为直接宾语多为物品，通过中介物间接承受动作者为间接宾语多为人；直接宾语就是动作的承受者，间接宾语是动作的所向
10、或所为的人或物，多为人），由于这种句型有一个直接宾语，一个间接宾语，变为被动结构时，只要把其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另外一个保留不变。比如将直接宾语变为被动句子中的主语时，间接宾语前则应该加to (可省略)或者for (不可省略)。如：7. He told her a long story.-1)A long story was told to her. 2)She was told a long story.8. Mother bought me a new coat.-1) A new coat was bought for me.2) I was bought a new coat.
11、但是当被动句要强调间接宾语的时候，其前面的介词就不可以省略了，比如：This warning was given to them, not to me. 有时候，两个宾语都是直接宾语。那么当变为被动句子的时候，一般将原主动结构中指人的宾语变为被动句的主语，如：9. The teacher asked the students a very unusual question.- The students were asked a very unusual question.3. 主+谓+复合宾语 的句型变为被动结构这种结构是含有一个宾语再加宾语补足语构成的复合结构。只要将宾语变为被动结构中的主语
12、，宾语补足语不变。如：10.They chose Tom captain. - Tom was chosen captain.11.They recognized him as a genius. - He was recognized as a genius.12.We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.-The teacher was asked to explain the question again.13.I found him lying on the floor. - He was found lying on the
13、 floor.在提到被动态动词的施动者时候，一般用by + 施动者结构，但是也可以使用 with + 施动者的结构，如：Smoke filled the room.-The room was filled with smoke.Paint covered the lock.-The lock was covered with paint. 油漆涂遍了锁上。这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。试比较一下BY + 行为主体 与 WITH + 行为主体：He was killed by a falling stone.(意外)He was killed with a stone. (故意行为
14、，手段问题) 他被人用石头杀死了。被动语态除了常用BE + 过去分词构成外，也可以用 GET + 过去分词 结构。多用在口语中，后面一般不接 BY 短语，如：Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. The boy got hurt on his way to school.这种结构多用在：1. 给自身做某事：I got dressed as quickly as possible. 我尽快穿上衣服。2. 设法做到自己称心的事情，后接反身代词：I saw old Morton has got himself promoted at last. 3.由于客观原因发生某事，多为不好的事情： We got delayed because of the holiday traffic.少数这样的机构可表示命令人，如：Get dressed! 穿上衣服！/ Get washed! 去洗洗吧！或者有侮辱人口气，如：Oh, get lost will you! 给我走开！-
