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1、跨文化交际学考试名词解释 跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理： Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal comm
2、unication between members of the same culture whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in
3、individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative,independence,individualexpression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell
4、they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that d
5、istinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :its the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally . Context :it s the information that surrounds an event ,it is i
6、n extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,Japanese Low-context communication :
7、its just the opposite of high-context communication . its the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :its a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanes
8、eLow-context culture :its a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being
9、-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. Paralanguage :certain
10、 vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters personalities, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classification
11、s divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part o
12、f the environment ,just like the air we breathe P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible an
13、d hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definitionof a word - meaning.-the explicit, particular, defined16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and ass
14、ociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.19. Chronemics （时间学）:The study of how people perceive anduse time.20. Proxemics （ 空 间 学 ）： refers to the perception anduse of space.21. kinesics （肢体语言） ：The study of bodylanguage .22. Paralanguage（副语言）: Involving sounds but n
15、ot word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time 一元时间观念 : means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time 多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global vi
16、llage？ P89 Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environmentPerception: values, worldviews,
