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1、1Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2Ballad民谣: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second a
2、nd fourth lines rhymed.3Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. I
3、t has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in
4、the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the lat
5、er decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particula
6、r characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in
7、 and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement support
8、ing the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.14Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative m
9、ode.15Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.17Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values
10、 of the society from which it originated.18Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.19Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of ia
11、mbic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.(杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集（24stories)2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Ut
12、opia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)4. Poets poet; The Fairy Queen仙后(to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲剧：（1）奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言，被嫉妒所压倒，掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜，随后自己也悔恨自杀。奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士，苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情，毅然爱上了他，不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视，同他结了婚。但是，他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视，却没有逃脱
13、伊阿古的阴谋陷害。伊阿古假装忠诚，心地奸诈，由于升不上副将，就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心，千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇，最后自己也得不到好下场。通过这个形象，莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判。（2）李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君，由于刚愎自用，遭受到一场悲惨的结局。悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义，批判对于权势、财富的贪欲。悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实。在第三幕第四场里，李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后，跑到暴风雨的荒野，诅咒女儿忘恩负义。在雷电交加中，李尔对穷苦的人们喊道：“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们，无论你们在什么地方，都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击，
14、你们的头上没有片瓦遮身，你们的腹中饥肠雷动，你们的衣服千疮百孔，怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢？”这里，莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情，同时也是对当代现实的揭露。但是，紧接着上面那段话之后，李尔说道：“安享荣华的人们呵，睁开你们的眼睛来，到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦，分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们，让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧！？这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法，正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想。（3）麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋，由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿，利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会，弑君而自立，最后，这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德
15、夫所战败而死去。他的妻子也因精神分裂而死。这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用，是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作。（4）哈姆莱特（1601）是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就，写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事。悲剧的情节是这样的：丹麦王子哈姆莱特，在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育。因为父王突然死去，怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国；不久，母后又同新王他的叔父结婚，使他更加难堪。新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的，王子正在疑惑时，老王的鬼魂向他显现，告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王，并嘱咐他为父复仇。哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题，而是整个社会、国家的问题。他说自己有重整乾坤，挽狂澜于既倒的责任。他考虑问题
16、的各个方面，又怕泄漏心事，又怕鬼魂是假的，怕落入坏人的圈套，心烦意乱，忧郁不欢，只好装疯卖傻。同时，他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘，派人到处侦察他的行动和心事。甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他。他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会，改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出，来试探叔父。戏未演完，叔父做贼心虚，坐立不住，仓皇退席。这样，更证明叔父的罪行属实。叔父觉得事情不妙，隐私可能已被发觉。宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计，让母后叫儿子到私房谈话，自己躲在帷幕后边偷听；王子发现幕后有人，以为是叔父，便一剑把他刺死。从此，奸王使用借刀杀人法，派他去英国，并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封，要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他；但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信，反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使；他自己却跳上海盗船，脱险回来。回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死。奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿
