介词with、without、of、by的用法详解

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1、一、介词 with 的用法1. 表示方式、手段或工具等时(=以,用),注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配,如“用英语”习惯上用in English,而不是with English。2. 与某些抽象名词连用时,其作用相当于一个副词。如:with care=carefully 认真地with kindness=kindly 亲切地with joy=joyfully 高兴地with anger=angrily 生气地with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地with ease=easily 容易地with delight=delightedly 高兴地with great fluency

2、 =very fluently 很流利地3. 表示条件时,根据情况可与虚拟语气连用。如:With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点,我就买得起了。With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是设备好些,我们完成这项工作还要快些。4. 比较with和as:两者均可表示“随着”,但前者是介词,后接名词或代词;后者是 连词,用于引导一个句子。比较:He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长,他会进步的。Peopl

3、es ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了,人们的观念也会变化。5. 复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构,它在句中主要用作状语, 表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等;其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现 在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等。如:(1) with+宾语+形容词He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。Dont speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。(2) with+宾语+副词He stood befor

4、e his teacher with his head down. 他低着头 站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣 躺在床上。(3) with +宾语+ 介词短语She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。The man was asleep with his head on his arms. 这个人头枕着胳膊睡着了。(4) with+宾语+现在分词He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wo

5、nt be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病, 我无法去度假。(5) with +宾语+ 过去分词He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。(6) with +宾语+ 动词不定式I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服, 我无法出去了。With such good cadres to

6、carry out the Partys policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的政策, 我们感到放心。(7) with +宾语+ 名词He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时,女儿还是个小学生。二、介词 without 的用法1. 表示否定,其意为“没有”“无”“不需”。如:He went out without his umbrella. 他外出没有带伞。I was without anyone to look after my child. 没有人替我照看孩子。The letter had been post

7、ed without a stamp. 那封信没贴邮票就寄出去了。若用于否定词no, not, never等之后,则表示肯定,其意为“没有不” “没有则 不能” “每必定”。如:There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。Dont go out without a coat on. 不要没穿外衣就出去。They never meet without quarrelling. 他们一见面就争吵。What he has said is not without reason. 他说的话不是没有道理。2. 其后除可接名词或代词外,也可接动名词。如:He walked p

8、ast me without speaking. 他从我身旁走过,一句话也没说。He left without paying his bill. 他没有付账就走了。It is strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪,他没有告诉我们一声就走了。3. 有时表示条件,意为“若无”“若非”。如:Without water, we cannot live. 没有水,我们就活不了。Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗?这样用时,有时还可引出虚拟语气,相当于but fo

9、r。如:Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告,我想必已失败了。I never could have done it without your help. 如果没有你的帮助我永远也不会完成这事。4. 后接两个并列成分时,既可用and也可用or,即without A and B与without A or B同 义,相当于without A and without B,同时否定A、B两者。如:We cannot survive for long without food and or water. 我们没有食物和水就活不了多久。5. 所引

10、出的介词短语通常用作状语,但有时也可用作表语,表示“没有”。如 : He is without bias. 他没有成见。You yourself arent without blame. 你自己也不是没有责任。We were without electricity for three hours but its on again now.我们的电停了3 小时,现在又有了。三、介词 of 的用法1.表示所有关系,用以构成名词的所有格,如the gate of the school (校门),the secret of success (成功的秘密),等。注意以下正误表达:正: He is a f

11、riend of my father. 他是我父亲的一位朋友。正: He is a friend of my fathers. 他是我父亲的一位朋友。正: He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一位朋友。误: He is a friend of me.以下表达是错误的:误: Whats the name of you?(改为。山 name)误: Do you know the father of him?(改为his father)误:I will show the books of me.(改为皿丫 books)但是以下表达却是对的( of 表示动宾关系):正: I hat

12、e the sight of him. 我讨厌看到他。正: His criticism of her is serious. 他对她的批评是严肃 的。2. 与 age, shape, size, color, height, design, weight 等名词连用,可用作表语或定语;其 中的介词 of 有时可省略。如:The two boys are (of) the same height. 这两个男孩一样高。Here is a piece of wood (of) the right size. 这有一块木头,其大小刚好适合。When I was (of) your age, I liv

13、ed in the country. 我像你这个年纪的时候,我住在乡下。3. 与某些名词(如help, value, interest, importance等)连用,相当于形容词,可用作定 语或表语。如:Its not of much value. 这没有多大价值。This subject is of great interest to me. 这门学科对我来说是很有趣的。The dictionary is of much help to the students. 这本字典对学生帮助很大。4. 与 hear, talk, know, speak 等动词连用,表示一种间接性,大意为“涉及到”

14、。如: Ive never heard of anyone doing a thing like that. 我从未听说有人做过那种事。Mary is talking of looking for another job. 玛丽说起要另找一份工作。I dont know the writer, but I know of him. 我不认识这个作家,但我听说过他。四、介词 by 的用法1. 表示场所,意为“在旁边”“在近旁”“在手边”,此时要注意它与介词 near有所不同,即by表示的距离更“近”。比较:He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。He lives near the

15、sea. 他住在离海不远处。2. 表示动词执行者,主要用于被动语态,此时要注意它与介词with的区别:by表示动 作的主体, with 表示动作者的手段工具。如:The house was destroyed by fire. 此屋被大火烧毁。(fire是动作的主体,此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house.) The house was destroyed with fire. 此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。(fire只是工具,动作的主体另有其人,此句可认为省略了一个by短语,如by someone 之类的,其主动形式可以是 Someone destroyed the house with fire.)3. 表示手段或方式等,注意以下用法:(1)表示“乘”“坐”时,其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship等) 或与交通工具密切相关的名词(如 air, water, land, road 等),在句中主要用作方式状语,其 中通常不用冠词或其他限定词。如:They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。 但是,若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语,则也可以用冠词。如:Were going b

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