《NP和VP的结构简述》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《NP和VP的结构简述（10页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、第一章NP和VP的结构简述1.1句的静态构件前文已提出，任何现代英语简单句的静态结构均如下图所示：S一 NP VP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)PronC (Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (2) 图中符号表示的分句构件：S =简单句 Simple sentenceNP =名词短语 Noun phraseVP =动词短语 Verb phraseDet =限定词 DeterminerM =修饰语 ModifierHead =短语中心词NPa =同位语 AppositivePron =代词 PronounC=分句 ClauseAux =助动词
2、AuxiliaryNPi =间接宾语 Indirect objectNPd =直接宾语 Direct objectC =补语 ComplementA =状语Adverbial (构成基本句型成分)A=状语Adverbial(非基本句型成分)()=可能发生或谓语动词后可构成句型的选项 =名词短语的实现选项1.2NP的结构成分简述及所在章节提示NP- Det (M) Head (M) (NPa) PronCDiagram (3)图(3)表示凡名词短语就有也只有三种实现：NP = Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)=Pron=C1.2.1名词短语的第一实现：NP = Det (M) Hea
3、d (M) (NPa)Det这一实现是最常见的名词短语，此时限定词Det是不可或缺的短语构件： a girl one roommy familythis questionTom9s problemno cityetc.限定词的成员主要源于传统词类中的冠词、部分代词、数词、量词和名词属 格。限定词的语法属性，限定词与名词中心词搭配情形以及限定词自身的相互关 系共同构成第二章的语法内容；核心限定词冠词的讨论见第三章。(M)名词短语中心词的修饰语(M)分别位于名词中心词前后，又有前位修饰语和 后位修饰语之称。修饰语理论上无限：upstairs in my room with a single leg
4、 I bought yesterday that is really admirabledelicatetableexpensive well-colored a small round oak French-style不同于限定词，修饰语的出现与否和多寡无碍短语的句法地位：a table是兀 美无缺的名词短语，然而人们不能接受delicate well-colored small oak table that is really admirable这样没有限定词的情形！第五章对修饰语进行大致分析，第十三章及第十九章也会继续这一话题。Head名词短语中心词Head为名词。现代英语留存着屈折词素
5、-s和-s因此可确 认的名词语法范畴有二：数the Number和格the Case；人们大都不赞同性the Gender作为名词范畴的说法，但我们仍会对其语法特征和相关语用表示关注。数的系统语法知识围绕可变名词和不可变名词展开，内容依序包括：规则可 变，不规则本族语，外来语；单数不变名词，复数不变名词和单复数均可的不变 名词。格的系统语法知识表现于属格Genitive case的形态：-i属格，of-属格，双 重属格Double genitive和独立属格Independent genitive ；属格所表达短语成分 间的各种意义关系：所属，类别，描写，出处，主谓，动宾，同位等。现代英语中还
6、有些许标识性的屈折词素如-ess但只是局部现象而无规律意 义。不过由于代词的缘故，英语名词能分为五类：阳性女fther，阴性如queen， 中性如house，双性如teacher以及通性如baby。各范畴的具体内容见第四章。(NPa)同位语(NPa)和修饰语一样，是名词短语可能发生的构件。同位语亦为名词 短语或名词性分句：My friend Anna was here last night.(NPa)Mr. Parsons, the president of the company, gave a press conference after(NPa)the board meeting.The
7、 pretty girl, a girl so dear to him that hes sworn never to depart(NPa)from, is none other than Mr. Browns daughter.The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.(NPa)The explanation that he could not be seen by anybody was disappointing.(NPa)同位语的讨论见第二十二章1.2.2名词短语的第二实现：Pron代词Pron为名词短语的第二实
8、现：They say there is going to be a storm.NPSure enough, Ill inform him about it.NP NP NP英语有八 类代词：人 称代词 Personal Pronoun,物主代 词Possessive Pronoun，指示代词 Demonstrative Pronoun，疑问代词 Interrogative Pronoun， 不定代词 Indefinite Pronoun，相互代词 Reciprocal Pronoun，反身代词 Reflexive Pronoun和关系代词Relative Pronoun。代词的主要内容将在第
9、五章讨论。1.2.3名词短语的第三实现：C分句C为名词短语的第三实现：That he will never admit it leaves no room for doubt.NPIt remains to be known when he will pay us a visit.NPThis is what she has described.NPTo live or not to live is a question.NP NPTaking notes while reading is a good habit.NPNP分句实现名词短语是句法内容，第十七章将讨论这一实现的全部情形。1.3V
10、P的结构成分简述及所在章节提示VP1(Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (4)1.3.1(Aux)助动词(Aux)属于功能词，封闭词类。无助动词的动词短语为简单动词短 语Simple VP，含助动词的动词短语为复杂动词短语Complex VP。助动词大致分为三类：基本助动词Primary auxiliary；半助动词 Semi-auxiliary 和情态助动词 Modal auxiliary o基本助动词do完成否定、疑问、强调、倒装和替代的句式转换： He didnt do it.Did he do it?He did do it.So did his b
11、rother.Yes, he did.基本助动词have实现完成体：He has read the article several times.基本助动词be实现进行体和被动态：He is sleeping this moment.He was questioned about the matter.半助动词get等实现被动态或表达情态：He got beaten.He seems to be sorrowful.He happened to be present at the meeting.半助动词由于助动功能残缺而得名：He didnt get beaten.*He got not be
12、aten.Did he get beaten.*Got he beaten?助动词的合作依序为“情态一完成一被动一进行”：He may have been being questioned.情态助动词是现代英语语法重大难点之一，第十章将专章讨论。1.3.2Head动词短语中心词Head为实意动词，属开放词类。动词的语法范畴有四： 时态 the Tense,体 the Aspect，语态 the Voice 和语气 the Mood。时态表示动词和时间的关系，英语动词有现在时the Present Tense和过去时 the Past Tense两个时态；体是表示行为状态的动词语法范畴，英语由助
13、动词和 分词共同实现进行体the Progressive和完成体the Perfective的意义表达；英语 有主动语态the Active Voice与被动语态the Passive Voice之分，指示主语和谓语 动词之间施动或受动的关系，主要语法内容包括被动语态的形态，语境和语态实 现条件；英语有丰富的语气表达方式，也有两型虚拟动词形式；现代英语只有两 个时态但具备丰富的将来时间表达方式。这一切将依序分别在第六至第九章中讨 论。从形态上认识，英语动词分为单词动词如find，双词动词如look for，多词 动词如take care of；规则动词如work，不规则动词如set。双词动词又
14、分介词动词Prepositional verb如depend on和短语动词Phrasal verb如give up，其区分意义可见于以下各例的比较：He has given the idea up.*The girl totally depends her grandfather on.He has given it up.The girl depends totally on him.*He has given up it.It is on her grandfather that the girl totally depends.*It is up the idea that he ha
15、s given.The little girl depends totally on her grandfather, not on her grandmother. *He has given up smoking, not up drinking.从语义上认识，英语动词主要分静态动词Stative verb如belong to,动态动 词Dynamic verb如cry (，短暂性动词Momentary verb如hit,持续性动词 Durative verb 如 stand(，感官动词 Perceptive verb 如 see,使役动词 Causative verb 如 make ( 18.2,1)。从句法上认识，英语动词分及物动词Transitive verb，如release,不及物动 词 Intransitive verb 如 live 和系动词 Link verb 如 be 和反身动词 Reflexive verb 如 avail(5.23a)。及物动词分单及物 Mono-transitive 如 support,双及物
