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1、Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生
2、了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。这本书包括：l Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么l Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息l Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problem
3、s and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识l Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状l Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the
4、 complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷l Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance
5、 because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。Some important definitions 一些重要的定义Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果他们是第一次使用这本书，定义介绍采用块形式，像这里显示的一样，或印成黑体字。Environmen
6、t is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a sol
7、ar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the hea
8、lth，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural asp
9、ects. Such broadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉， “环境” 这个词扩大到包括社会，经济，文化等所有方面的内容。这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不可行的，在本被设计
10、为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。因此，我们对环境问题的考察限于我们定义的“环境”。Interaction of Systems互动系统A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories
11、.许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disp
12、osal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政府机构分别处理的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.很遗憾的是，许多重要
13、的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。These g
14、ases are then transported by air currents over wide regions.这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.雨水“将它们洗去”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental distu
15、rbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸雨问题。Environmental Disturbances环境扰乱Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the appli
16、cation of science and technology.我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。A few examples are noted here. Can you think of others?这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？The production of more and better quality food生产更多更好的优质食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间The building of fast and reliable means of transportation建设快速和可靠的运输方式The inv
