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1、一、名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim 吉姆China 中国July 七 Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语2、普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。 1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如 fighter, gun, country,cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如
2、 family, team, police, class等。一般可数,有单复数形式3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness,love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。二、名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:1)一般情况加 s :books,mouths,houses,girls等。2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加 es:classes,boxes,ma
3、tches等。3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。4)以 o 结尾的词 +es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。(与生命有关的单词,特殊单词竹子bamboos) 以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos等。(与生命无关)5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +es:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。 直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。 2、 不规则的可数
4、名词的变化规则:【难点】 1) 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。 2)单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Austral
5、ians, Italians, Germans等。 注意:Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen. 3)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese. 说明 A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes: There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man teacher two men teachers. woman doctorthree women doctors.b
6、oy student-five boy students apple tree-four apple trees 3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化 5、物质名词一般没有复数,但如下情况除外: A. 用复数形式表示不同种类: wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义: woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands. 6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs. 7、集体名词pe
7、ople, police 总是作复数: Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同: The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants(农民). 9、hair 表示总体时是不可数: His hair is grey. 如果表示若干根
8、头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。11、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定:Where are my glasses ?My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes. 12、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表
9、示“一个”的概念,可用单位词: a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap【重点】 13、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 说明:可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限;可数名词可以转变为不可数名词 ,同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词,要看清整个上下文的具体内容。一、名词的各种分类单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的
10、方式,包括可数名词的复数的变化规则,少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。【考例】There is good_ for you. Ive found your lost watch. 广东省A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughtsMy uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some _to make a vegetable salad for him济宁Ameat Btomatoes Capple juiceThe teacher said we needed to choos
11、e three for the school concert. 重庆A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs Come on,childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you like南通Afish and chickenBfishes and chickenCfish and chickensDfishes and chickensAll the _teachers enjoyed the
12、mselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday 重庆Aman Bmen Cwoman Dwomen二、不可数名词数量的表达法用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。Mr Smith always has _to tell us青岛Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes Would you like to
13、 have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well,Id like to try those blue_.黄冈Apairs Bone Cpant DpairWould you like some drinks, boys? 河北 Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. 黄冈A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 三、名词的所有格:1、s 所有格: 1)构成: A. 一般词尾+ s.:the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”: workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s: childrens toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s: