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1、篇章一Legal and Judicial Reform in China and Bank Assistance中国的法律和司法改革及银行援助Over the last decade, China has been creating a framework of laws, regulations and related institutions necessary for the transition to a market economy. Some legislation enacted earlier in the reform period are now being revise
2、d to reflect experience (e g, laws on companies, lawyers and bankruptcy) and to comply with WTO requirements.过去的十年间，中国创建立起一个向市场经济转型的十分重要的框架，该框架由法律、法规及相关机构组成。一些在改革阶段初期颁布的法律（如公司法、律师法及破产法）现在正被修订以反映经验以符合世贸组织的要求。Difficulties in implementing the new legal framework have underlined the need for institution
3、al reforms, e g, the increased role of the court system in resolving disputes, and the conversion of the legal profession from government offices to private practitioners. Judicial reform was recognized at the 15th Party Congress in 1997. Despite certain progress, major reforms are still needed to a
4、ddress such daunting problems as local protectionism, weak enforcement of judgments and interference with judicial independence, and these reforms will require deeper structural reforms outside the court system. 在实施新的法律框架中遇到的困难凸显了机构改革的必要性，例如法院系统在解决争端上的作用日益增强、从政府官员到私人律师的职业转换。司法改革开始于1997年的第15届党代会。尽管取得
5、了一定的进展，但仍需要进行大的改革以解决一些艰巨的问题，比如地方保护主义、判决难以执行以及对司法独立的干预。这些改革需要在法院系统之外进行更深层次的结构改革。The Bank has directly supported the gradual development of Chinas national economic laws and regulations and strengthening of key legal institutions through an ongoing technical assistance project, the Economic Law Reform
6、 Project (ELRP), which has supported the drafting of about 50 laws and regulations, training at 4 legal educational institutions, as well as institutional development at the National Peoples Congress, the State Council, the Ministry of Justice, and now the Supreme Court. 中国经济方面的法律法规的逐步完善以及通过经济法改革工程这
7、一持续的技术支持对主要法律机构的强化得到了银行业的直接支持。50部法律法规的起草、在4个司法教育机构的培训以及机构（全国人大、国务院、司法部及最高人民法院）发展都得到了支持。Bank support during the CAS period would primarily focus on legislative drafting of strategically important laws and regulations, developing China Legislative Information Network Systems (CLINS) that will give the
8、 government and the public electronic access to Chinese local and national legislation and regulations, court administration and other court reforms, judicial training, and the national judicial exam (unified for lawyers, judges and prosecutors).在CAS阶段，银行的支持主要集中于具有战略意义的重要法律法规的起草、完善中国的立法信息网络系统（这将使政府和
9、公众从网上获取地方和国家的法律法规）、法院管理及其它法院改革、司法培训以及全国司法考试（统一适用于律师、法官和检察官）。.篇章二Although there are differences in the history, development, principles and applications of different systems, when applied within a nation they may share common features. 虽然在历史、发展、原则及不同体系的运用上会有不同，但在某国内部实行时可能会有一些共性。Common law普通法This syst
10、em developed from a set of traditional laws first brought together in England around the 12th Century. The name derives from the fact that it was one set of laws common to the whole kingdom, rather than different sets of laws used by individual communities or tribes. 普通法发源于约12世纪的英格兰，那时一套传统法律第一次被整合在一
11、起。普通法的名称是基于这样一个事实，即是一套对于整个英国都很普通的法律，而不是用于不同社区或部落的不同的法律。One of the distinguishing features of common law is that it developed through usage rather than being imposed by codified legislation as with the civil code system. (Legislation means laws - sometimes also called statutes - that are made by a re
12、presentative body such as a parliament. Codification is when individual laws of a similar nature are bundled together under one new, overarching law.)普通法的显著特征之一是其发展是基于使用而不是像民法典体系那样被编纂而成的条例要求强制施行。（立法是指由一个像议会这样的代表机构制定法律或法规。法律编纂是指把一些本质类似的法律汇总到一部新的、包含面更广的法律中。）Common law developed based on the outcomes o
13、f individual court cases. Each court case provided a basis for judging the next case of a similar nature. Over the centuries and many thousands of court cases, this process led to a body of laws covering most aspects of society and based on principles shared by the society in general. 普通法的发展基于诸多法庭判例
14、的结果。每一个法庭判例都为下一次类似案件的审理提供了依据。经过几个世纪以及数千的法庭判例，这一过程形成了一套包含社会方方面面、基于社会总体共享的原则的法律。There are several core principles which guide common law, though they are not necessarily unique to it. These include: 有几个核心的原则指导着普通法，虽然这些原则并不是普通法所独有的。这些原则包括：1. The rights of the individual exist alongside those of the sta
15、te;1. 个人权利与国家权力同在；2. It is adversarial;2. 对抗性；3. It has a presumption of innocence;3. 无罪推定；4. It develops case law through judgments and precedents;4. 判例法来自审判和先例；5. Case law co-exists with statute law and - in most cases - a constitution;5. 判例法与成文法同在，大多数情况下，与宪法同在。6. Crimes are punished and civil wrongs are rectified by compensation.6. 犯罪将予以惩罚，民事不法行为通过补偿解决。.篇章三Remittance (6)汇付Remittance is of three types: Mail Transfer, Telegraphic Transfer, and Demand Draft.汇付有三种类型：信汇、电汇和即期汇票By Mail Transfer, the buyer will hand over the payment of the goods to the remitting bank that will authorize
