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1、浪漫主义American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches fromthe end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.The social and cultural background of RomanticismThe young Republic wasflourishinginto a politically, economically and
2、culturally independent country.The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.Thedesire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural he
3、ritage exerted great influences over American moral values. 爱默生Emerson =The chief spokesman of New EnglandTranscendentalism超验主义He was a descendent of a long line of New Englandclergymen牧师【pastor】.American Transcendentalism As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also kn
4、own as “American Renaissance”) flourshed in New Englandfrom the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates inEmerson and Thoreau.Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Am
5、erican society.Transcendentalism超验主义(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )The major features of Transcendentalism: The Transcendentalists placedemphasis on spirit,or theOversoul,as the most important thing in theuniverse. 思想 超灵 宇宙 The Transcendentalists stressed theimportance of the individual.To
6、them, theindividual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会 The Transcendentalists offered a freshperception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝Emersons代表作：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scho
7、lar；The Over-soul；H. D. Thoreau梭罗and his workWalden瓦尔登湖not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreaus own transcendental philosophy.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗Features of Longfellows poetic workslChief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude
8、, love of nature and love of beauty.lThe first American poet to write narrative poems.lConventional style and subjectslGenerally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully.lSimplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary lifeDaybreak；The BellsWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nob
9、el price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or“interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a characters thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first u
10、sed in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929)人物As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above wa
11、ter.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The
12、 Sun Also Rises1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley)For Whom the Bell Tolls1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby DickOther Works are:Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo,
13、 Mardi.Symbolism inMoby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic.散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolicvoyageof the mind inquest of the truth寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into mans deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations
14、 of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and thevoyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale,Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前
