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1、一、一个中英对照的词汇表(学生不会的表达法) 高危群体High-risk group高危行为High-risk behavior干预战略 Intervention strategies 传染病学epidemiology临床研究Clinic study发病Pathogenesis婚前性行为Premarital sex多个性伙伴 Multiple sex partners 后天免疫丧失综合症 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 爱滋病病毒 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 抗体Antibody抗原Antigen抗
2、爱滋病毒药物Anti-HIV Drug伺机性感染 Opportunistic infection (OI) 性病STD (Sexually Transmitted disease)核糖核酸 RNA 脱氧核糖核酸 DNA静注毒品IDU (injecting drug use)母婴传播MTCT (mother-to-child transmission)采血Blood collection单采浆传播Epidemic in former plasma donors美国疾病控制中心 美国国立卫生研究所 中国疾病控制中心 中国预防医学科学院US Center for Disease Control an
3、d Prevention (CDC) National Institute of Health (NIH)Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionChinese Academy of Preventive Medicine中国综合性艾滋病研究项目Comprehensive International Program for Research on AIDS(CIPRA)中国国务院爱滋病 性病协调会议State Council Co-coordinating Committee onSTD/HIV/AIDS爱滋病预防网络HIV Preve
4、ntive Trial Network (HPTN)同伴核心人物爱滋病干预 Popular Opinion Leader (POL)二、概念解释Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
5、This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.艾滋病(AIDS),即获得性免疫缺陷综合征，是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染引起的一 种混合免疫缺陷病。艾滋病毒逐渐地瓦解了人体内的免疫系统，人体就会很容易出现伺机性 感染或肿瘤疾病。HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that caus
6、es AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through
7、breast-feeding. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Some of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection.HIV,即人类免疫缺陷病毒，就是致使人们患上艾滋病的罪魁祸手。如果未受感染个体的受 损皮肤或粘膜组织接触到感染了此病毒的血液、精液或阴道分泌液体，这个人就有可能变成 了此病毒的携带者。此外，感染HIV病毒的孕妇在怀孕、生产及母乳喂养过程中会将此病 毒传给小孩。我们将感染HIV病毒的人群叫做HIV感染者，这些人中的一部
8、分人就会有可 能变成艾滋病患者。三、背景介绍1. 总体概况AIDS is now a pandemic. In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children. Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth an
9、d destroying human capital. Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century. The disease was first identified by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause identified by American and French scientists in the late 1980s. A
10、lthough treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure.艾滋病是当今世界性的流行病。据统计， 2007 年全世界有三千三百二十万人感染了艾滋病， 已有二百一十万人因艾滋病去世，其中有三十三万是儿童。在这些去世的人当中，有四分之 三以上的人来自于撒哈拉以南的非洲地区。他们的去世造成了人力资源的缺失，阻碍了当地 的经济发展。大多数研究学者认为在20世纪的时候，HIV病毒最早出现在撒哈拉以南的非 洲地区。美国疾病控制中心最早在1981年发
11、现了全球第一例艾滋病患者，而后美法两国的 科学家在 20 世纪 80年代后期发现了导致艾滋病的原因。2. Symptoms （临床表现）The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are n
12、ormally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS. HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposis sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of
13、 the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats （particularly at night）, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss. The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the preva
14、lence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient lives.有着健康免疫系统的人群是不会出现艾滋病的临床表现的，艾滋病的临床表现主要是由于遭 到HIV病毒破坏的免疫系统不能正常地帮助人体抵御对细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫的侵犯。 艾滋病人伺机性感染的几率很高，因为HIV病毒几乎可以侵蚀所有器官系统。艾滋病人患 癌症的可能性更大，如卡波西肉瘤、宫颈癌及免疫系统癌症即淋巴癌。而且，艾滋病人还会出 现发热、夜间盗汗、淋巴结肿大、打冷战、虚弱和体重建轻等全身症状。而艾滋病人具体的感染 情况随着病人的居住环境有所不同
15、。3. Diagnosing HIV （诊断） Diagnosing HIV can be done using blood, saliva, or by using cells from the inside of the cheek. There are different types of HIV tests used to determine if a person has been infected with HIV. These tests detect different substances in the blood that are present when a person
16、 has been infected with HIV. One detects HIV proteins that circulate in the body after a person has been infected. Two others detect HIV antibodies that have been produced by the body after HIV infection has occurred.通过检测血液、唾液或口腔侧壁细胞就可以判断出被测者是否感染HIV病毒。现有多种HIV 病毒的检测方法，这些方法可以检测出感染了 HIV病毒的人体血液中的特殊成分。如一种 测试可以检测出人体中循环的HIV蛋白质。两种其它的测试方法可以检测出人体感染HIV 病毒后产生的HIV抗体。A. Elisa （酶联免疫吸附实验）This is the first step
