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1、I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear 1 and dark are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations
2、, thus they are said to be in complementary distribution. (P24)2. Morphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be eithervoiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expe
3、cted to observe is called the Cooperativeprinciple proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a synchronic study of language. (P4)6.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether th
4、e air coming up from the lungs meets with any obstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7.XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9.While the meaning of a senten
5、ce is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A diachronic study of language is a his
6、torical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful unit
7、s at the higher level. This design feature is called duality. (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. Suprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence th
8、e interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21
9、.Syntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22.The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are homonymy. (P70)23. Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on a
10、uthentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while parole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a
11、 thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by concept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim
12、of manner. (P70)29. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. Historical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in fron
13、t of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that la
14、nguage are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors. ( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than t
15、he written form for a number of reasons. ( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violate
16、d and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of langua
